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Introdução: O neurodesenvolvimento da criança é um processo contínuo de diferenciação de diversas competências, permitindo à mesma a realização de tarefas progressivamente mais complexas e a interação cada vez mais hábil com o meio. Assim, apesar de ser condicionado por inúmeros fatores e de depender da individualidade de cada criança, trata-se de um processo que é transversal a todas as culturas. Dada a relevância deste tema e tendo em conta que, em Portugal, as crianças são preferencialmente acompanhadas pela Medicina Geral e Familiar, é fundamental que os médicos especialistas desta área tenham noções claras acerca dos aspetos que caracterizam o neurodesenvolvimento normal e estejam atentos a sinais de alarme que indiquem que este não se está a processar de modo adequado, a fim de que a deteção precoce destas situações possa possibilitar uma intervenção atempada e eficaz.
Objetivos: Assim, pretende-se caracterizar os fatores de risco para que uma criança apresente alterações no seu neurodesenvolvimento; analisar a forma como é efetuada a sua vigilância e acompanhamento nos Cuidados de Saúde Primários; sumarizar as principais aquisições de cada etapa deste processo; descrever os sinais indicativos de que este decorre de modo anormal, considerando também a existência de variantes da normalidade; indicar ferramentas úteis nesta avaliação e assinalar alguns pontos chave que o médico deverá ter em conta no diagnóstico e orientação destes casos.
Métodos: Esta revisão narrativa basear-se-á na pesquisa de publicações submetidas entre 2009 e 2023, em inglês e português, em várias plataformas digitais, tais como PubMed, ResearchGate, UpToDate, Ata Médica Portuguesa e Revista Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar, e na consulta de Guidelines e Normas de Orientação Clínica. Conclusões: O médico de família tem um papel crucial na vigilância do neurodesenvolvimento, devendo possuir uma formação sólida nesta área e manter-se a par das orientações e recomendações que vão sendo divulgadas neste âmbito.
Introduction: The child's neurodevelopment is a continuous process of differentiating multiple skills, allowing the child to carry out progressively more complex tasks and to interact more and more skilfully with the environment. Thus, despite being conditioned by numerous factors and depending on the individuality of each child, it is a process that is transversal to all cultures. Given the relevance of this issue and taking into account that, in Portugal, children are preferably followed in Primary Health Care, it is essential that those doctors have clear notions about the aspects that characterize normal neurodevelopment and are watchful to possible alarm signs that indicate that this is not being processed properly, so that the early detection of these situations can enable a timely and effective intervention. Objectives: This work aims to characterize the risk factors for a child to present changes in their development; describe the way in which its surveillance and follow-up is carried out in Primary Health Care; summarize the main acquisitions of each stage of this process and list some of the alarm signs, also considering the existence of variants of normality; indicate useful tools in the evaluation of neurodevelopment and point out some key points that a doctor should take into account in the diagnosis and guidance of these cases. Methods: This narrative review will be based on research of publications submitted between 2009 and 2023, in English and Portuguese, on digital platforms, such as PubMed, ResearchGate, UpToDate, Ata Médica Portuguesa and Revista Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar, and in the reading of Guidelines and Clinical Guidance Norms. Conclusions: The family doctor plays a crucial role in monitoring neurodevelopment, and must have solid training in this area and keep abreast of the guidelines and recommendations that are disseminated in this area.
Introduction: The child's neurodevelopment is a continuous process of differentiating multiple skills, allowing the child to carry out progressively more complex tasks and to interact more and more skilfully with the environment. Thus, despite being conditioned by numerous factors and depending on the individuality of each child, it is a process that is transversal to all cultures. Given the relevance of this issue and taking into account that, in Portugal, children are preferably followed in Primary Health Care, it is essential that those doctors have clear notions about the aspects that characterize normal neurodevelopment and are watchful to possible alarm signs that indicate that this is not being processed properly, so that the early detection of these situations can enable a timely and effective intervention. Objectives: This work aims to characterize the risk factors for a child to present changes in their development; describe the way in which its surveillance and follow-up is carried out in Primary Health Care; summarize the main acquisitions of each stage of this process and list some of the alarm signs, also considering the existence of variants of normality; indicate useful tools in the evaluation of neurodevelopment and point out some key points that a doctor should take into account in the diagnosis and guidance of these cases. Methods: This narrative review will be based on research of publications submitted between 2009 and 2023, in English and Portuguese, on digital platforms, such as PubMed, ResearchGate, UpToDate, Ata Médica Portuguesa and Revista Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar, and in the reading of Guidelines and Clinical Guidance Norms. Conclusions: The family doctor plays a crucial role in monitoring neurodevelopment, and must have solid training in this area and keep abreast of the guidelines and recommendations that are disseminated in this area.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2023
Palavras-chave
Neurodesenvolvimento Rastreio Perturbações de neurodesenvolvimento Factores de risco Cuidados de saúde primários
