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A penalidade da lavagem de dinheiro em face do ilícito típico antecedente
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Esta Dissertação visou investigar a problemática da construção da penalidade do branqueamento de capitais à luz de sua fenomenologia criminológica - no contexto contemporâneo das sociedades de risco pós-industriais em épocas de transição de costumes e valores. Produto do Direito Internacional, o branqueamento é um dos paradigmas pelas quais o Direito Penal liberal é chamado a se impor em tempos de instabilidade e de rupturas. O desafio de se manter as garantias liberais clássicas conquistadas em séculos de lutas e de revoluções necessitam ser reforçadas pelo Estado de Direito Democrático. Por conseguinte, o crime de branqueamento deve estar amparado pelos cânones democráticos, observando-se as idiossincrasias culturais de cada Estado, não se podendo aceitar uma narrativa imposta que tem por objetivo a instrumentalização e a expansão do Direito Penal como panaceia de adversidades históricas e estruturais. Nesse contexto, parte-se de um estudo de caso ocorrido no Brasil, focalizando-se a penalidade aplicada e as contradições legais. Oportunamente, discorre-se acerca das sociedades de risco e sobre a fenomenologia do branqueamento de capitais; seu bem jurídico e a narrativa oficial para legitimação deste crime, fazendo-se estudos comparados entre diversos países acerca da penalidade do branqueamento em relação à penalidade do delito antecedente. Com efeito, a proporcionalidade, postulado - ou princípio - que se deduz da própria estrutura do Estado Democrático de Direito, é exigência inarredável da norma penal, bem como, mediatamente, condição de legitimidade e reforço do corolário principiológico que abarca as condições da dignidade da pessoa humana. O branqueamento, crime de conexão necessária com seu delito antecedente e instrumental, deve ser construído tendo em vista o seu bem jurídico – a administração da justiça-, bem como o fato normativo e social reveladores de sua carência penal, donde a máxima da proporcionalidade exsurge-se como parâmetro maior de observação compulsória do legislador. Ao se construir a norma penal, deve o legislador necessariamente ter uma visão global-sistêmica e ser coerente com a racionalidade do arcabouço normativo penal de seu sistema normativo. Concluímos que, no Brasil, há deficiência na cominação da penalidade da lavagem de dinheiro: uma pena hiperbólica e disfuncional ante outros crimes graves, devendo ser reformada pelo legislador à luz dos princípios democráticos instituídos conforme a Constituição de 1988 em vigor.
This dissertation aims to investigate a problem of the money laundering penalty in the light of its criminological phenomenology in the contemporary context of post-industrial risk societies in times of transition of costumes and values. Source of International Law, money laundering is one of the paradigms by which Liberal Criminal Law is summoned in turbulent times. The challenge of maintaining the classic liberal guarantees of criminal law achieved through centuries of struggles and revolutions must be reinforced by the democratic rule of law. Thus, the crime of money laundering must be supported by the democratic canon, observing the domestic idiosyncrasy of each state, and one should not accept the narrative of instrumentalization and an expansion of the Criminal Law as a panacea for structural issues of nations. In this sense, we begin with a case study that took place in Brazil, focusing in the applied penalty and the contradictions of the case. In due course, we talk about risk societies and the phenomenology of money laundering, their legal good and the official narrative to legitimize this crime, making comparative studies between different countries about the penalty of money laundering in relation to the penalty of the predicate offence. In fact, the proportionality, a postulate or principle that can be deduced from the very structure of the Democratic State of Law, is an unavoidable requirement of the penal rule, as well as, mediately, a condition of legitimacy and reinforcement of the principiological corollary that encompasses the conditions of human dignity . Money laundering, a crime with a necessary connection with its antecedent and instrumental crime, must be constructed with a view to its legal good - the administration of justice - as well as the normative fact and social revelations of its penal need, from which the maximum proportionality arises as a major parameter of compulsory observation by the legislator. When constructing a penal rule, the legislator must necessarily have a global-systemic view and be consistent with the rationality of the criminal normative framework of his normative system. We conclude that, in Brazil, there is a deficiency in the money laundering penalty: a penalty that is hyperbolic and dysfunctional in the face of other crimes, which must be reformed by the legislator in the light of the democratic principles instituted in accordance with the 1988 Constitution in use.
This dissertation aims to investigate a problem of the money laundering penalty in the light of its criminological phenomenology in the contemporary context of post-industrial risk societies in times of transition of costumes and values. Source of International Law, money laundering is one of the paradigms by which Liberal Criminal Law is summoned in turbulent times. The challenge of maintaining the classic liberal guarantees of criminal law achieved through centuries of struggles and revolutions must be reinforced by the democratic rule of law. Thus, the crime of money laundering must be supported by the democratic canon, observing the domestic idiosyncrasy of each state, and one should not accept the narrative of instrumentalization and an expansion of the Criminal Law as a panacea for structural issues of nations. In this sense, we begin with a case study that took place in Brazil, focusing in the applied penalty and the contradictions of the case. In due course, we talk about risk societies and the phenomenology of money laundering, their legal good and the official narrative to legitimize this crime, making comparative studies between different countries about the penalty of money laundering in relation to the penalty of the predicate offence. In fact, the proportionality, a postulate or principle that can be deduced from the very structure of the Democratic State of Law, is an unavoidable requirement of the penal rule, as well as, mediately, a condition of legitimacy and reinforcement of the principiological corollary that encompasses the conditions of human dignity . Money laundering, a crime with a necessary connection with its antecedent and instrumental crime, must be constructed with a view to its legal good - the administration of justice - as well as the normative fact and social revelations of its penal need, from which the maximum proportionality arises as a major parameter of compulsory observation by the legislator. When constructing a penal rule, the legislator must necessarily have a global-systemic view and be consistent with the rationality of the criminal normative framework of his normative system. We conclude that, in Brazil, there is a deficiency in the money laundering penalty: a penalty that is hyperbolic and dysfunctional in the face of other crimes, which must be reformed by the legislator in the light of the democratic principles instituted in accordance with the 1988 Constitution in use.
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Direito penal Branqueamento de capitais Lavagem de dinheiro Crime Princípio da proporcionalidade Brasil Teses de mestrado - 2022