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Porque a família não se escolhe : os impactos psicossociais passados e atuais do alcoolismo parental nos ACOAs
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À luz da Psicologia Sistémica, o alcoolismo é uma condição que influencia muito para além da vida daquele que consome abusivamente esta substância. Neste sentido, desde os anos 70, os estudos acerca dos impactos extra-alcoólico desta dependência têm demonstrado um interesse crescente nas experiências dos filhos adultos de pais alcoólicos (adult children of alcoholics – ACOAs). Sabendo-se que estes indivíduos tendem a ser mais suscetíveis a diversos outcomes psicossociais negativos (e.g., abuso de substâncias, sintomas depressivos, perturbações de ansiedade), este projeto de dissertação almeja, então, caracterizar as suas trajetórias de desenvolvimento sui generis. Posto isto, pretende-se compreender de que forma a exposição e convivência com o alcoolismo (parental) dos ACOAs impactou, no passado, e impacta, atualmente, as suas vivências e perceções, a satisfação das suas necessidades psicológicas básicas, postuladas pela Teoria da Autodeterminação (Deci & Vansteenkiste, 2004), e o seu bem-estar. Para dar resposta a tais objetivos exploratórios, nesta investigação qualitativa, foram conduzidas entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas a 6 ACOAs (n=6), selecionados por conveniência. Numa ótica de triangulação de métodos, também se procedeu à aplicação de instrumentos quantitativos complementares, ao longo das entrevistas. Decorrentes da análise temática, emergiram 4 subcategorias relativas ao passado, que permitiram caracterizar a relação primária dos ACOAs com as suas figuras parentais alcoólicas (FPAs), o funcionamento das famílias “alcoólicas” dos participantes, as suas experiências precoces associadas ao alcoolismo parental e algumas das suas perceções anteriores. Para além disto, surgiram também 1 tema referente ao percurso de alcoolismo e às diferentes fases que o compõem, bem como 5 subcategorias alusivas ao presente, descritoras do relacionamento diádico atual dos/as entrevistados/as com as suas FPAs, de algumas das suas perceções atuais, de impactos psicossociais decorrentes das suas exposição e convivência com a dependência, de estratégias por si implementadas para lidar com estas consequências e, finalmente, do carácter de resiliência das suas narrativas. Tendo estes resultados em conta, são, ainda, discutidas as principais conclusões, em função das limitações do presente estudo, bem como exploradas algumas sugestões para investigações futuras. De qualquer modo, conclui-se que a vivência dos ACOAs está longe de poder considerar-se homogénea, uma vez que, tal como salientam as evidências deste trabalho, embora muitos reportem problemas na idade adulta, também existem ACOAs que não os revelam, demonstrando que estas experiências aumentam o risco, mas não determinam o desenvolvimento de problemas psicossociais. Mais do que isso, estas constatações vêm, sobretudo, enfatizar o potencial de resiliência de que estes indivíduos dispõem, apesar das adversidades (e também graças a elas) que compõem as suas narrativas.
In light of Systemic Psychology, alcoholism is a condition that influences far beyond the life of those who abuse this substance. In this sense, since the 1970s, studies on the extra-alcoholic impacts of this dependence have shown a growing interest in the experiences of adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs). Knowing that these individuals tend to be more susceptible to several negative psychosocial outcomes (e.g., substance abuse, depressive symptoms, anxiety disorders), this dissertation projects aims, therefore, to characterize their sui generis developmental trajectories. Having said that, we intend to understand how ACOAs’ exposure and familiarity with (parental) alcoholism has impacted, in the past, and impacts, currently, their experiences and perceptions, the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs, postulated by Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Vansteenkiste, 2004), and their well-being. To meet these exploratory objectives, in this qualitative investigation, semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 6 ACOAs (n=6), selected by convenience. From a methods triangulation perspective, complementary quantitative instruments were also applied throughout the interviews. As a result of the thematic analysis, 4 past-related subcategories emerged, which allowed us to characterize the primary relationship between ACOAs and their alcoholic parental figures (APFs), the functioning of the participants’ “alcoholic” families, their early experiences associated with parental alcoholism, and some of their previous perceptions. In addition to this, there was also 1 topic alluding to the path of alcoholism and it’s different phases, as well as 5 present-related subcategories, that describe the current dyadic relationship of the interviewees with their APFs, some of their prevailing perceptions, the psychosocial impacts of their exposure and familiarity with this addiction, the strategies implemented by them to deal with these consequences, and, finally, the resilience nature of their narratives. Bearing these results in mind, the main conclusions are discussed, given the present study’s limitations, while some suggestions for future investigations are also explored. Anyhow, we conclude that ACOAs’ experiences are far from being homogeneous, since, as highlighted by this dissertation’s evidence, although many report problems in adulthood, there are also ACOAs who do not reveal them, demonstrating that these experiences increase the risk, but do not determine the development of psychosocial problems. More importantly, these findings emphasize, above all, these individual’s resilience potential, despite the adversities (and also thanks to them) that compose their narratives.
In light of Systemic Psychology, alcoholism is a condition that influences far beyond the life of those who abuse this substance. In this sense, since the 1970s, studies on the extra-alcoholic impacts of this dependence have shown a growing interest in the experiences of adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs). Knowing that these individuals tend to be more susceptible to several negative psychosocial outcomes (e.g., substance abuse, depressive symptoms, anxiety disorders), this dissertation projects aims, therefore, to characterize their sui generis developmental trajectories. Having said that, we intend to understand how ACOAs’ exposure and familiarity with (parental) alcoholism has impacted, in the past, and impacts, currently, their experiences and perceptions, the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs, postulated by Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Vansteenkiste, 2004), and their well-being. To meet these exploratory objectives, in this qualitative investigation, semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 6 ACOAs (n=6), selected by convenience. From a methods triangulation perspective, complementary quantitative instruments were also applied throughout the interviews. As a result of the thematic analysis, 4 past-related subcategories emerged, which allowed us to characterize the primary relationship between ACOAs and their alcoholic parental figures (APFs), the functioning of the participants’ “alcoholic” families, their early experiences associated with parental alcoholism, and some of their previous perceptions. In addition to this, there was also 1 topic alluding to the path of alcoholism and it’s different phases, as well as 5 present-related subcategories, that describe the current dyadic relationship of the interviewees with their APFs, some of their prevailing perceptions, the psychosocial impacts of their exposure and familiarity with this addiction, the strategies implemented by them to deal with these consequences, and, finally, the resilience nature of their narratives. Bearing these results in mind, the main conclusions are discussed, given the present study’s limitations, while some suggestions for future investigations are also explored. Anyhow, we conclude that ACOAs’ experiences are far from being homogeneous, since, as highlighted by this dissertation’s evidence, although many report problems in adulthood, there are also ACOAs who do not reveal them, demonstrating that these experiences increase the risk, but do not determine the development of psychosocial problems. More importantly, these findings emphasize, above all, these individual’s resilience potential, despite the adversities (and also thanks to them) that compose their narratives.
Descrição
Dissertação de mestrado, Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde (Área de Especialização em Psicologia Clínica Sistémica – Contextos Familiar, Comunitário e Forense), 2023, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia
Palavras-chave
Alcoolismo Bem-estar Resiliência Necessidades psicológicas Autodeterminação Filhos adultos de alcoólicos Comportamentos de risco Dissertações de mestrado - 2023