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A evolução das regras de avaliação da adequação dos membros dos órgãos de administração e dos titulares de funções essenciais das instituições de crédito
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O acesso a cargos de administração e fiscalização de Instituições Bancárias encontra-se atualmente sujeito a um denso e burocrático procedimento administrativo, decorrente da necessidade de verificação prévia da “adequação” para o exercício dos cargos em questão.
Nos termos do artigo 30.º, n.º 1 do Regime Geral das Instituições de Crédito e Sociedades Financeiras (doravante, RGICSF), cumpre ao Banco de Portugal, dentro do Mecanismo Único de Supervisão, verificar o cumprimento dos requisitos exigíveis de forma a garantir que as instituições de crédito sejam potencialmente geridas por pessoas que consigam dar garantias de uma “gestão sã e prudente”.
A fundamentação de todo este processo assenta na necessidade de garantia que os agentes do setor financeiro observam padrões e regras de competência e éticas, tidas como essenciais para o exercício das suas funções, atribuindo ao supervisor prudencial competência para ponderar a pretensão do exercício de uma atividade privada perante a garantia do interesse público. O levantamento da proibição relativa baseia-se numa atividade de valoração e verificação de competências e comportamentos passados do interessado, no campo profissional e educacional, que permita formular um juízo de futuro positivo.
Neste sentido, a única forma de aferir se alguém é ou não “adequado” é verificar se dispõe de determinadas competências, técnicas e pessoais que gerem no supervisor uma convicção de caráter adequado e apropriado ao exercício de determinadas funções. Por este motivo, conforme refere o Professor Guilherme Catarino estamos perante um poder amplamente discricionário exclusivamente balizado pelo objeto - as garantias de gestão sã e prudente - e pelo fim do ato administrativo - garantir a salvaguarda do sistema financeiro, em geral, e a proteção dos consumidores e investidores. Não sendo um tema novo no nosso ordenamento jurídico a reformulação deste procedimento pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 157/2014, de 24 de outubro, surge como resposta à crise de Regulação do verão de 2007, ao alertar para as falhas do sistema de governação das Instituições de Crédito, levando a que a supervisão passasse a assentar numa abordagem altamente preventiva e intrusiva, que permita conhecer por dentro as instituições financeiras, os seus modelos de negócio e as suas abordagens ao risco, conhecendo igualmente de que forma e por quem são geridas.
Access to management and supervisory bodies in Banking Institutions is currently subject to a dense and bureaucratic administrative procedure, due to the need of assessing the suitability of the proponents of the positions in question. Under article 30.º, no. 1, of Regime Geral das Instituições de Crédito e Sociedades Financeiras, it’s up to Bank of Portugal, within the scope of the Single Supervisory Mechanism, to assess the compliance with the existing requirements, in order to ensure that credit institutions are most likely managed by people that offer guarantees of sound and proper management practices. The underlining reason for the process described above, is based on the need to ensure that the financial industry agents follow adequate standards, rules of competence and ethics regarded as essential for the exercise of their functions. This entitles the prudential supervisor with the function of weighing the intention of the agents when carrying out their activities, keeping always in mind the public interest. The authorisation is based on a process of valuing and assessing past competences and behaviours of the interested party in both professional and educational backgrounds, that allows for a positive future prognosis. Following the argument presented above, the only way to verify if someone is or is not “suitable” for the position, is by checking that a potential candidate has certain skills, both at a technical and personal level. That convinces the supervisor of the proponent’s abilities to perform its functions adequately. Due to this reason, as Professor Guilherme Catarino argues, we are faced with a largely discretionary power, exclusively guided by the object - the guarantees of sound and prudent management - and by the goal of the administrative act - to ensure the safeguard of the financial system, in general, as well as customer and investor protection. Although this is not a new topic in our legal framework, the overhaul of this procedure by Decree-Law no. 157/2014, of October 24th, comes up as an answer to the Regulation crisis of the Summer of 2007, that warned for the flaws in the Credit Institutions’ internal governance system. This acknowledgement leaded to a shift in the supervisory approach, transforming it into a much more precautionary and intrusive process. This shift in perspective allowed supervisors to know the financial institutions from the inside, their business models and their risk appetites, while also acquiring knowledge of how and by whom they are managed.
Access to management and supervisory bodies in Banking Institutions is currently subject to a dense and bureaucratic administrative procedure, due to the need of assessing the suitability of the proponents of the positions in question. Under article 30.º, no. 1, of Regime Geral das Instituições de Crédito e Sociedades Financeiras, it’s up to Bank of Portugal, within the scope of the Single Supervisory Mechanism, to assess the compliance with the existing requirements, in order to ensure that credit institutions are most likely managed by people that offer guarantees of sound and proper management practices. The underlining reason for the process described above, is based on the need to ensure that the financial industry agents follow adequate standards, rules of competence and ethics regarded as essential for the exercise of their functions. This entitles the prudential supervisor with the function of weighing the intention of the agents when carrying out their activities, keeping always in mind the public interest. The authorisation is based on a process of valuing and assessing past competences and behaviours of the interested party in both professional and educational backgrounds, that allows for a positive future prognosis. Following the argument presented above, the only way to verify if someone is or is not “suitable” for the position, is by checking that a potential candidate has certain skills, both at a technical and personal level. That convinces the supervisor of the proponent’s abilities to perform its functions adequately. Due to this reason, as Professor Guilherme Catarino argues, we are faced with a largely discretionary power, exclusively guided by the object - the guarantees of sound and prudent management - and by the goal of the administrative act - to ensure the safeguard of the financial system, in general, as well as customer and investor protection. Although this is not a new topic in our legal framework, the overhaul of this procedure by Decree-Law no. 157/2014, of October 24th, comes up as an answer to the Regulation crisis of the Summer of 2007, that warned for the flaws in the Credit Institutions’ internal governance system. This acknowledgement leaded to a shift in the supervisory approach, transforming it into a much more precautionary and intrusive process. This shift in perspective allowed supervisors to know the financial institutions from the inside, their business models and their risk appetites, while also acquiring knowledge of how and by whom they are managed.
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Direito da concorrência Regulação económica Instituições de crédito Sociedades financeiras Teses de mestrado - 2021