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Abstract(s)
Esta dissertação teve como principal objetivo explorar os efeitos de um programa de treino sensoriomotor específico, em parâmetros relacionados com o controlo motor, para otimização do treino de manobras aéreas em surfistas juniores de elite. Três estudos foram realizados. O primeiro estudo abordou (1) a prevalência de lesões músculo-esqueléticas em surfistas juniores portugueses de elite durante um período de 9 meses e caracterizou o seu padrão de ocorrência como tipo, mecanismo de localização anatómica da lesão e time-loss; e (2) explorou os potenciais fatores de risco associados relacionados à sua aptidão física e às atividades desportivas complementares realizadas. Este estudo revelou que havia uma prevalência de lesões (IP) de 25% entre os surfistas juniores de elite, em que os surfistas lesionados tinham “mais de 9 anos de prática”, sendo os membros inferiores a área mais afetada (62,5%: joelho, tornozelo e perna), sendo a maioria das lesões sofridas “durante uma sessão de treino de surf” (75%), “ao realizar uma manobra” (50%), resultando num time-loss de “mais de 30 dias” (100%). Os resultados dos testes físicos estavam dentro dos valores de referência e não parecem estar associados às lesões reportadas. O segundo estudo estabeleceu um referencial descritivo (qualitativo e quantitativo) de manobras aéreas com alta qualidade de execução, no que diz respeito às fases do movimento, princípios do movimento e suas principais características, observadas em surfistas de elite de classe mundial durante a competição. Os referenciais de análise qualitativa foram a rotação de cabeça e tronco, a tripla flexão de membros inferiores (fase preparatória) e mais acentuada no seguimento; flexão de cabeça, tronco e braços desde a impulsão (fase preparatória) até o pico do voo (fase da ação principal) causando o deslocamento ântero-superior do centro de massa (CoM); alargamento da base de apoio (BoS) para aéreos frontais (fase da ação principal). A análise quantitativa mostrou média da altura aérea (169,60±52,85cm), da largura da BoS (79,17±13,72cm) e dos ângulos de flexão do joelho da frente (113,78±19,90º) e do tornozelo da frente (32,74±14,51º) durante a aterragem (fase de finalização). O terceiro e último estudo analisou os efeitos de um programa específico de treino sensoriomotor em parâmetros relacionados com a prevenção de lesões músculoesqueléticas e na otimização do desempenho das manobras aéreas (dorsiflexão do tornozelo; controlo postural; potência dos membros inferiores), em surfistas juniores competidores portugueses. Este estudo revelou que o programa de treino de intervenção proposto melhorou eficazmente alguns dos parâmetros relacionados com o controlo sensório-motor, incluindo a dorsiflexão do tornozelo, a coordenação, o equilíbrio dinâmico, o controlo postural e a potência muscular dos membros inferiores. Estes resultados parecem indicar que este programa específico de treino sensóriomotor “em seco”, pode contribuir não só para melhorar a performance das manobras aéreas, mas também para reduzir o risco associado de lesão dos membros inferiores, que podem contribuir para melhorar o desempenho e funcionar como estratégias de prevenção de lesões dos membros inferiores, durante a realização de manobras aéreas. Os resultados desta tese apresentam a análise qualitativa e quantitativa de tarefas como facilitadores para a construção de um programa de treino sensoriomotor específico “em seco” para manobras aéreas de surf, com base nas ações corporais fundamentais e nos princípios do movimento. Esta abordagem pode contribuir, não só para melhorar o treino em si e o processo de aprendizagem para o alto rendimento, mas também para diminuir o risco de lesões nos membros inferiores .
The main goal of this dissertation was to explore the effects of a specific sensorimotor training program in related motor control variables for the optimization of aerial manoeuvres training in elite junior surfers. Three studies were performed. The first study investigated (1) the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in top competitive junior Portuguese surfers during a 9-month period and characterized its occurrence pattern like type, anatomical location mechanism of injury and time-loss; and (2) explored the potential associated risk factors related to their physical fitness and complementary sports activities performed. This study revealed that there was an Injury Prevalence (IP) of 25% among junior elite surfers, in which injured surfers had “more than 9 years of practice”, being lower limbs the most affected area (62,5%: knee, ankle and leg), with majority of the injuries sustained “during a surf training session” (75%), “performing a manoeuvre” (50%), resulting in a time-loss of “more than 30 days” (100%). Physical tests were within the reference values and do not seem to be associates with the reported injuries. The second study established a descriptive reference (qualitative and quantitative) of aerial manoeuvres with high quality of execution, concerning movement phases, movement principles, and their key features, observed in world class elite surfers during competition. The qualitative analysis references were the rotation of the head and trunk, tripleflexion of the lower limbs (retraction phase) and more pronounced in the followthrough; head, trunk, and arms flexion from the take-off (retraction phase) to the peak of the flight (action phase) causing the anterosuperior CoM displacement; widening of the BoS for frontside aerials (action phase). Quantitative analysis showed a mean of aerial height (169.60±52.85cm), of base of support (BoS) width (79.17±13.72cm), and flexion angles of front knee (113.78±19.90º) and front ankle (32.74±14.51º) during landing (follow-through phase). The third and final study analysed the effects of a specific sensorimotor training program on musculoskeletal injury prevention and aerial manoeuvres performance parameters (ankle dorsiflexion, postural control, lower limbs muscle power), in Portuguese competitive junior surfers. This study revealed that proposed intervention training program effectively enhanced some of the parameters related with sensorimotor control, including ankle dorsiflexion, coordination, dynamic balance, postural control, and lower limb muscle power, that can both contribute to improve performance and work as protection strategies for lower-limbs injuries, while performing aerial manoeuvres. These results seem to indicate that this specific sensorimotor dry-land training program can contribute not only to improve aerial manoeuvres performance, but also to reduce the lower-limbs injury risk associated. Overall, this thesis’ findings present qualitative and quantitative task analysis as facilitators to build a specific dry-land sensorimotor training program addressing surfing aerial manoeuvres, relying on the key body actions and principles of movement. This approach can contribute not only to enhancing the training itself and the learning process toward a high-performance level but also to diminishing the risk of lower-limb injuries.
The main goal of this dissertation was to explore the effects of a specific sensorimotor training program in related motor control variables for the optimization of aerial manoeuvres training in elite junior surfers. Three studies were performed. The first study investigated (1) the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in top competitive junior Portuguese surfers during a 9-month period and characterized its occurrence pattern like type, anatomical location mechanism of injury and time-loss; and (2) explored the potential associated risk factors related to their physical fitness and complementary sports activities performed. This study revealed that there was an Injury Prevalence (IP) of 25% among junior elite surfers, in which injured surfers had “more than 9 years of practice”, being lower limbs the most affected area (62,5%: knee, ankle and leg), with majority of the injuries sustained “during a surf training session” (75%), “performing a manoeuvre” (50%), resulting in a time-loss of “more than 30 days” (100%). Physical tests were within the reference values and do not seem to be associates with the reported injuries. The second study established a descriptive reference (qualitative and quantitative) of aerial manoeuvres with high quality of execution, concerning movement phases, movement principles, and their key features, observed in world class elite surfers during competition. The qualitative analysis references were the rotation of the head and trunk, tripleflexion of the lower limbs (retraction phase) and more pronounced in the followthrough; head, trunk, and arms flexion from the take-off (retraction phase) to the peak of the flight (action phase) causing the anterosuperior CoM displacement; widening of the BoS for frontside aerials (action phase). Quantitative analysis showed a mean of aerial height (169.60±52.85cm), of base of support (BoS) width (79.17±13.72cm), and flexion angles of front knee (113.78±19.90º) and front ankle (32.74±14.51º) during landing (follow-through phase). The third and final study analysed the effects of a specific sensorimotor training program on musculoskeletal injury prevention and aerial manoeuvres performance parameters (ankle dorsiflexion, postural control, lower limbs muscle power), in Portuguese competitive junior surfers. This study revealed that proposed intervention training program effectively enhanced some of the parameters related with sensorimotor control, including ankle dorsiflexion, coordination, dynamic balance, postural control, and lower limb muscle power, that can both contribute to improve performance and work as protection strategies for lower-limbs injuries, while performing aerial manoeuvres. These results seem to indicate that this specific sensorimotor dry-land training program can contribute not only to improve aerial manoeuvres performance, but also to reduce the lower-limbs injury risk associated. Overall, this thesis’ findings present qualitative and quantitative task analysis as facilitators to build a specific dry-land sensorimotor training program addressing surfing aerial manoeuvres, relying on the key body actions and principles of movement. This approach can contribute not only to enhancing the training itself and the learning process toward a high-performance level but also to diminishing the risk of lower-limb injuries.
Description
Keywords
Análise da tarefa Manobras aéreas Prevenção de lesões Programa de treino Surf Aerial manoeuvres Injury prevention Surfing Task analysis Training program