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Prevenção e tratamento de neoplasias cutâneas não-melanoma
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As neoplasias cutâneas são o tipo de neoplasia mais comum nos seres humanos, e a incidência está constantemente a aumentar devido a mudanças nos fatores ambientais, nos estilos de vida e nos hábitos humanos, o que tornou este tema num importante problema de saúde pública.
As neoplasias cutâneas podem ser benignas ou malignas, sendo que existem dois tipos principais de neoplasias cutâneas malignas, as melanoma, menos comuns, e as não melanoma, que representam a maioria dos diagnósticos, e são o alvo de estudo nesta monografia. O carcinoma basocelular, com origem nas células da camada basal da epiderme, e o carcinoma de células escamosas, com origem nos queratinócitos, são os dois tipos principais de cancro cutâneo não-melanoma.
Apesar de existirem vários fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento das neoplasias cutâneas não-melanoma, o principal é a exposição à radiação ultravioleta, que causa mudanças progressivas nas células da pele. Consequentemente, as zonas do corpo com exposição regular à radiação ultravioleta, tais como a cara, a cabeça, o pescoço e os braços têm maior probabilidade de desenvolver lesões cutâneas malignas ou pré-malignas.
A prevenção é crucial para diminuir o risco de desenvolvimento destas neoplasias, quer seja através do uso regular de protetor solar ou de dispositivos médicos tópicos que combinem princípios de fotoproteção e de fotorreparação, quer seja através da adoção de medidas que previnam a exposição intensa à radiação ultravioleta. Independentemente da estratégia, o farmacêutico desempenha um papel fundamental na consciencialização e no aconselhamento a realizar ao utente. Foi no âmbito da intervenção que os farmacêuticos têm perante este tipo de neoplasias na farmácia comunitária que foram desenvolvidos 2 folhetos de aconselhamento, um para os profissionais de saúde e um para os utentes.
Embora as modalidades cirúrgicas continuem a ser a base do tratamento, novas abordagens são necessárias para reduzir a morbilidade e a mortalidade. Portanto, a gestão das neoplasias cutâneas necessita de estratégias mais eficazes, seguras e acessíveis, tanto para o tratamento, como para a prevenção. E é nesta perspetiva que o uso de fitoquímicos, a nanotecnologia e a imunoterapia são consideradas as abordagens do futuro.
Skin neoplasms are the most common type of neoplasms in humans, and the incidence is constantly increasing due to changes in environmental factors, lifestyles, and human habits, which has made this issue a major public health problem. Skin neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and there are two main types of malignant skin neoplasms, melanoma, which is less common, and non-melanoma, which represent the majority of diagnoses, and are the subject of study in this monography. Basal cell carcinoma, originating from cells in the basal layer of the epidermis, and squamous cell carcinoma, originating from keratinocytes, are the two main types of non-melanoma skin cancer. There are several risk factors associated with the development of non-melanoma skin neoplasms, but the main one is exposure to ultraviolet radiation, which causes progressive changes in skin cells. Consequently, areas of the body with regular exposure to ultraviolet radiation such as the face, head, neck, and arms are more likely to develop malignant or premalignant skin lesions. Prevention is crucial to decrease the risk of developing these neoplasms, either through regular use of sunscreen or topical medical devices that combine photoprotection and photorepairing principles, or by taking measures to prevent intense exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Regardless of the strategy, the pharmacist plays a key role in raising awareness and counseling the patient. It was in the context of the pharmacist’s intervention with this type of cancer in the community pharmacy that two counseling leaflets were developed, one for health professionals and one for patients. Although surgical modalities remain the mainstay of treatment, new approaches are needed to reduce morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the management of skin neoplasms needs more effective, safe and affordable strategies for both treatment and prevention. And it is in this perspective that the use of phytochemicals, nanotechnology and immunotherapy are considered the approaches of the future.
Skin neoplasms are the most common type of neoplasms in humans, and the incidence is constantly increasing due to changes in environmental factors, lifestyles, and human habits, which has made this issue a major public health problem. Skin neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and there are two main types of malignant skin neoplasms, melanoma, which is less common, and non-melanoma, which represent the majority of diagnoses, and are the subject of study in this monography. Basal cell carcinoma, originating from cells in the basal layer of the epidermis, and squamous cell carcinoma, originating from keratinocytes, are the two main types of non-melanoma skin cancer. There are several risk factors associated with the development of non-melanoma skin neoplasms, but the main one is exposure to ultraviolet radiation, which causes progressive changes in skin cells. Consequently, areas of the body with regular exposure to ultraviolet radiation such as the face, head, neck, and arms are more likely to develop malignant or premalignant skin lesions. Prevention is crucial to decrease the risk of developing these neoplasms, either through regular use of sunscreen or topical medical devices that combine photoprotection and photorepairing principles, or by taking measures to prevent intense exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Regardless of the strategy, the pharmacist plays a key role in raising awareness and counseling the patient. It was in the context of the pharmacist’s intervention with this type of cancer in the community pharmacy that two counseling leaflets were developed, one for health professionals and one for patients. Although surgical modalities remain the mainstay of treatment, new approaches are needed to reduce morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the management of skin neoplasms needs more effective, safe and affordable strategies for both treatment and prevention. And it is in this perspective that the use of phytochemicals, nanotechnology and immunotherapy are considered the approaches of the future.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2022, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Neoplasias cutâneas não-melanoma Prevenção Proteção solar Radiação ultravioleta Tratamento Mestrado integrado - 2022