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O combate ao terrorismo e as suas consequências na garantia dos direitos humanos
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O terrorismo internacional foi elevado ao posto de elemento regulador das relações entre os Estados na sociedade internacional contemporânea, servindo de elemento-chave para a construção de novas regras quanto à exigibilidade e aplicação dos direitos fundamentais. A análise histórica da construção do termo terrorismo permite compreender o porquê de não haver um conceito jurídico preciso e claro do mesmo no âmbito do direito internacional. Ao longo da história, o tratamento jurídico do tema dependeu incessantemente das relações de poder e dos interesses em destaque perante a comunidade global - interesses estes que, in concreto, visam atualmente o estabelecimento de um combate elástico e permanente contra um inimigo determinável, e não determinado. A alteração dos contornos dos direitos humanos, promovida pelos atores internacionais em face da necessidade de medidas securitárias contra a ameaça terrorista, tem impossibilitado o direito internacional em forjar um conceito uno do terrorismo internacional. No âmbito internacional, os Estados Unidos apresentam-se como o ator decisivo para a condução das estratégias antiterroristas e, em conjunto ao crescente papel desempenhado pelo Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, têm auxiliado os Estados democráticos de direito no intuito de legitimar as suas medidas de exceção, cada vez mais correntes na atualidade, perante o universo dos direitos humanos. A contextualização histórica do terrorismo mostra-se de extrema relevância para a compreensão e análise das medidas antiterroristas adotadas neste século, como também das suas consequências para os direitos fundamentais até aqui consolidados no direito internacional. Em escala regional, o Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia e o Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos têm sido sobremaneira determinantes para, através das suas decisões, estabelecer ativamente o escopo e limites das medidas excecionais aprovadas pelos Estados europeus no novo contexto securitário, sobretudo para a compreensão do novo equilíbrio que se busca entre a necessidade de segurança internacional e os direitos humanos.
The international terrorism has been upraised to the position of one of the main regulators of foreign relations between States in contemporary international society, serving as a key element for the establishment of the new rules for the enforceability of fundamental rights. The analysis of the historical interpretation of the term terrorism allows the understanding of the inexistence of a precise and clear legal concept for it under international law. Throughout history, the legal treatment of the matter has incessantly depended on the relations of power and on the specific interests of the main actors within the global community. Such interests, in concreto, currently aim to establish an elastic and permanent combat against a determinable enemy, yet not determined. The changes on the conception of human rights and their overall extent, supported by those international actors who presently face the terrorist threat and impose restrictive measures in the name of counterterrorism, has contributed to the inability of the international law to forge a unified legal concept of international terrorism. At the international level, the United States stands as the decisive actor in charge of the main globally implemented counterterrorism strategies. In conjunction with the growing role played by the United Nations Security Council, it has served other States to legitimize their exceptional measures, which are increasingly restrictives of international human rights. The contextualization of terrorism is extremely relevant for the understanding and further analysis of the counterterrorism measures in place, as well as their consequences for the internationally consolidated fundamental rights. There is an urgency to establish a new balance between all human rights previously consolidated by international law and the needs concerning international security, which needs to be addressed within the new context of securitization of societies. At the regional level, it is the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights that have been extremely active through their paradigmatic decisions, namely thorough the vigorous establishment of the scope and limits of the exceptional measures approved by European States in the name of security matters.
The international terrorism has been upraised to the position of one of the main regulators of foreign relations between States in contemporary international society, serving as a key element for the establishment of the new rules for the enforceability of fundamental rights. The analysis of the historical interpretation of the term terrorism allows the understanding of the inexistence of a precise and clear legal concept for it under international law. Throughout history, the legal treatment of the matter has incessantly depended on the relations of power and on the specific interests of the main actors within the global community. Such interests, in concreto, currently aim to establish an elastic and permanent combat against a determinable enemy, yet not determined. The changes on the conception of human rights and their overall extent, supported by those international actors who presently face the terrorist threat and impose restrictive measures in the name of counterterrorism, has contributed to the inability of the international law to forge a unified legal concept of international terrorism. At the international level, the United States stands as the decisive actor in charge of the main globally implemented counterterrorism strategies. In conjunction with the growing role played by the United Nations Security Council, it has served other States to legitimize their exceptional measures, which are increasingly restrictives of international human rights. The contextualization of terrorism is extremely relevant for the understanding and further analysis of the counterterrorism measures in place, as well as their consequences for the internationally consolidated fundamental rights. There is an urgency to establish a new balance between all human rights previously consolidated by international law and the needs concerning international security, which needs to be addressed within the new context of securitization of societies. At the regional level, it is the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights that have been extremely active through their paradigmatic decisions, namely thorough the vigorous establishment of the scope and limits of the exceptional measures approved by European States in the name of security matters.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Direito internacional Terrorismo Direitos humanos Organização das Nações Unidas Teses de mestrado - 2018