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Controle do déficit e do excesso de criminalização na relação constituição e direito penal
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Há uma relação complexa e marcada por constante tensão entre Constituição e Direito Penal. Os valores e bens mais caros que a comunidade elege, em regra, correspondem a um rol extenso de direitos fundamentais previstos na Carta Política. É esse rol de direitos que o Direito Penal, na visão atual de Estado Constitucional, deve proteger. Ocorre que a tensão entre Constituição e Direito Penal se dá exatamente porque, para proteger esses direitos, garantias, bens e valores, o Direito Penal deverá restringir as liberdades dos indivíduos que
os violaram. A questão se torna ainda mais complexa porque os bens jurídicos eleitos como aqueles merecedores de proteção penal são objeto de contínua discussão que se espraia para além da dogmática penal. De fato, os valores mais caros da sociedade e que merecem proteção mais extremada estão sempre em discussão pelos cientistas do Direito, da Filosofia, da Antropologia, da Criminologia, a construir um espesso caldo de cultura político que pode vir ao influxo das minorias ou das maiorias, dependendo do contexto de discussão. Além disso, há novos valores, novas dimensões de direitos, novas imbricações
entre os sujeitos dessa sociedade marcada por multiculturalismo, vulnerabilidade e desigualdade. Por outro lado, pode haver uma dissintonia grave entre o que se tem por digno de proteção por parte de decisões de política criminal e aqueles bens e valores previstos na Constituição. Demais disso, o processo de conformação penal, entregue ao legislador, não se pode guiar totalmente por decisões políticas, já que é necessário lançar
mão de critérios bem delineados de controle proporcional. Quais são os limites que se antepõem ao legislador nesse processo de criação da lei; qual o papel da Justiça Constitucional frente aos deveres de proteção que se cometem ao Estado e qual é, enfim, a estremadura que os juízes devem respeitar no exercício desse papel: essas as questões sobre as quais o presente trabalho se debruça.
There is a complex relationship, marked by constant tension, between Constitution and Criminal Law. The values and more expensive interests that the community chooses, as a rule, corresponds to an extensive list of fundamental rights provided in the Constitution. That list of rights that the criminal law, in the current view of constitutional state, must protect. It happens that the tension between Constitution and Criminal Law just happens because, to protect those rights, guarantees, property and values, the criminal law should restrict the freedoms of individuals who have violated the rights of others. The issue becomes even more complex because the legal interests elected as those criminal deserving protection are the subject of constant discussion that extends beyond criminal dogmatic. In fact, the most expensive values of society and they deserve more extreme protection are always discussed by scientists of Law, Philosophy, Anthropology, Criminology, building a political statement that can come to the influx of minorities or majorities, depending the context in which the discussion is performed. In addition, there are new values, new dimensions of rights, new links between the subjects of this society marked by multiculturalism, vulnerability and inequality. On the other hand, there may be a serious mismatch between what has been counted worthy of protection by criminal policy decisions and those interests and values of the Constitution. Moreover, the process of forming criminal laws, delivered to the parliament, can not drive entirely by political decisions, because it is necessary to use well defined equations of proportional control. What are the limits that are opposed to the legislature in the process of creating the law; the role of the Constitutional Court front of the protective duties that are committed to the state and what is the limit that judges must respect the exercise of that role: these are the issues addressed in this paper.
There is a complex relationship, marked by constant tension, between Constitution and Criminal Law. The values and more expensive interests that the community chooses, as a rule, corresponds to an extensive list of fundamental rights provided in the Constitution. That list of rights that the criminal law, in the current view of constitutional state, must protect. It happens that the tension between Constitution and Criminal Law just happens because, to protect those rights, guarantees, property and values, the criminal law should restrict the freedoms of individuals who have violated the rights of others. The issue becomes even more complex because the legal interests elected as those criminal deserving protection are the subject of constant discussion that extends beyond criminal dogmatic. In fact, the most expensive values of society and they deserve more extreme protection are always discussed by scientists of Law, Philosophy, Anthropology, Criminology, building a political statement that can come to the influx of minorities or majorities, depending the context in which the discussion is performed. In addition, there are new values, new dimensions of rights, new links between the subjects of this society marked by multiculturalism, vulnerability and inequality. On the other hand, there may be a serious mismatch between what has been counted worthy of protection by criminal policy decisions and those interests and values of the Constitution. Moreover, the process of forming criminal laws, delivered to the parliament, can not drive entirely by political decisions, because it is necessary to use well defined equations of proportional control. What are the limits that are opposed to the legislature in the process of creating the law; the role of the Constitutional Court front of the protective duties that are committed to the state and what is the limit that judges must respect the exercise of that role: these are the issues addressed in this paper.
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Constituição Direitos fundamentais Direito penal Proporcionalidade Justiça constitucional Teses de mestrado - 2018