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Cidadania Ativa e Governança sob a perspectiva do direito eleitoral comparado
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A participação política do cidadão no modelo juridico-político da democracia representativa, fundado em partidos políticos e ideologicamente estabelecido tendo por base a premissa liberal concorrencial sintetizada em eleições, encontra-se em crise em todo o mundo ocidental. Portugal e Brasil não são exceções a esta crise, já que cada vez mais os cidadãos desinteressam-se pela participação nestes moldes tradicionais. Alem disso, os partidos políticos, que são neste modelo institucional uma das principais instituições que visam a concretização da democracia, não fomentam a democracia interna de suas próprias estruturas, o que colabora para o aumento da fragmentação politica da sociedade. Uma das propostas para a solução de tais problemas seria a chamada democracia digital, com premissas semelhantes as da democracia direta e que, portanto, não consegue efetivamente resolver os problemas da contemporaneidade. Neste contexto, estabelece-se neste texto a proposta de possibilidade de participação direta dos cidadãos na definição das politicas publicas em âmbito local com base no conceito de cidadania ativa, que por sua vez se insere em um modelo de governança centrada nos cidadãos, em que estes são institucionalmente estimulados a agirem em conjunto com demais para que, desta forma, por um lado solucione-se o problema jurídico da falta de representação e, por outro, seja fortalecido o tecido social que sustenta a coletividade. A proposta aqui delineada não se limita as sugestões já fornecidas pelos modelos participativo e deliberativo de democracia: vai alem destas, já que pressupõe ser uma função institucional o estimulo ao fortalecimento do tecido social que fundamenta a vida em coletividade. Ao final e também feita uma analise de institutos jurídicos da democracia semidireta atualmente vigentes nos textos constitucionais de Portugal e do Brasil – o referendo, a iniciativa popular e os direitos de petição e de Acão popular – e do recall – que, apesar de não ter previsão constitucional nestes países, merece ser analisado especialmente sob a ótica deste novo paradigma da cidadania aqui proposto, já que o mecanismo favorece a acão coletiva dos cidadãos. O objetivo da analise destes institutos e o de ressignificá-los no âmbito da própria democracia representativa, mas sob o paradigma da cidadania ativa nos moldes aqui delineados. Conclui-se que o estimulo a mecanismos institucionais de participação que envolvam o sentimento de responsabilidade do cidadão e fundamental para que exista um efetivo revigoramento – e não a substituição – da democracia representativa, o que, por seu turno, traz a perspetiva de uma participação politica mais qualificada e eficaz, reforçando, desta forma, a própria democracia. A tese foi desenvolvida com base no método de abordagem dedutivo, posto partir de teorias e leis gerais com vistas à solução de problemas específicos. Em relação aos métodos de procedimento, foram utilizados os métodos comparativo, monográfico, estatístico e tipológico, todos na acepção de Lakatos e Marconi, destacando-se ainda a utilização do método sintético conforme proposição de Monebhurrun. De acordo com este método o jurista, no inicio de sua pesquisa, utiliza-se exclusivamente de fontes objetivas primarias, quais sejam, os textos jurídicos – em outras palavras a Constituição, a legislação e a jurisprudência. Apenas em uma segunda etapa, quando o jurista já tem sua própria visão – formada de maneira independente – a respeito dos textos jurídicos, e que se realiza a analise comparativa deles, relacionando o resultado de sua própria interpretação destes textos com o que já foi apontado pela doutrina. Ao final do trabalho são apresentadas algumas possibilidades futuras de pesquisa jurídica a respeito da cidadania ativa e da governança centrada nos cidadãos.
The political participation of the citizen in the legal-political model of representative democracy, founded on political parties and ideologically established on the basis of the liberalcompetitive premise synthesized in elections, is in crisis throughout the Western world. Portugal and Brazil are not exceptions to that crisis, since more and more citizens are not interested in participation in these traditional ways. Moreover, political parties, which are in this institutional model one of the main institutions aimed at the realization of democracy, do ot foster the internal democracy of their own structures, which contributes to the increasing political fragmentation of society. One of the proposals for the solution of such problems would be the so-called digital democracy, with premises similar to those of direct democracy and therefore, because of such premises, cannot effectively solve the problems of contemporaneity. In this context, the text proposes the possibility of direct participation of citizens in the definition of public policies at the local level based on the concept of active citizenship, which in turn is part of a citizen-centered governance model, in which they are institutionally stimulated to act together with others so that, on the one hand, the legal problem of lack of representation is solved and the social fabric that sustains the community is strengthened. The proposal outlined here is not limited to the suggestions already provided by the participatory and deliberative models of democracy: it goes beyond them, since the model herein proposed presupposes that the stimulation of the strengthening of the social fabric that underlies life in the community is an institutional function of the juridical system. At the end, an analysis is also made of those legal institutes of semi-direct democracy currently in force in the constitutional texts of Portugal and Brazil – the referendum, the popular initiative and the petition and popular action rights – and also of the recall – which, despite not having constitutional provision in these countries, deserves to be analyzed especially from the perspective of this new paradigm of citizenship proposed here, since the mechanism favors the collective action of citizens. The purpose of the analysis of these institutes is to re-signify them within the framework of the representative democracy itself, but under the paradigm of the active citizenship as outlined here. It is concluded that the stimulus to institutional mechanisms of participation that involve the citizen’s sense of responsibility is fundamental for an effective reinvigoration – and not for substitution – of representative democracy, which, in its turn, brings the perspective of a more qualified and effective participation in the policymaking process, thus strengthening democracy itself. The thesis was developed based on the method of deductive approach, which departs from general theories and laws and aims to solve specific problems. Regarding the methods of procedure, the comparative, monographic, statistical and typological methods were used, as were all of them defined by Lakatos and Marconi. It is also worth noting the use of the synthetic method according to Monebhurrun’s proposition. According to this method the jurist, at the beginning of his research, uses exclusively primary objective sources, that is, juridical texts – in other words the Constitution, the legislation and the jurisprudence. Only in a second stage, when the jurist already has his own independent view of the meaning of these legal texts, the comparative analysis of these texts is made, relating the result of his own interpretation with what has already been pointed out by the doctrine. At the end of the text some future possibilities for legal research on active citizenship and citizen-centered governance are presented.
The political participation of the citizen in the legal-political model of representative democracy, founded on political parties and ideologically established on the basis of the liberalcompetitive premise synthesized in elections, is in crisis throughout the Western world. Portugal and Brazil are not exceptions to that crisis, since more and more citizens are not interested in participation in these traditional ways. Moreover, political parties, which are in this institutional model one of the main institutions aimed at the realization of democracy, do ot foster the internal democracy of their own structures, which contributes to the increasing political fragmentation of society. One of the proposals for the solution of such problems would be the so-called digital democracy, with premises similar to those of direct democracy and therefore, because of such premises, cannot effectively solve the problems of contemporaneity. In this context, the text proposes the possibility of direct participation of citizens in the definition of public policies at the local level based on the concept of active citizenship, which in turn is part of a citizen-centered governance model, in which they are institutionally stimulated to act together with others so that, on the one hand, the legal problem of lack of representation is solved and the social fabric that sustains the community is strengthened. The proposal outlined here is not limited to the suggestions already provided by the participatory and deliberative models of democracy: it goes beyond them, since the model herein proposed presupposes that the stimulation of the strengthening of the social fabric that underlies life in the community is an institutional function of the juridical system. At the end, an analysis is also made of those legal institutes of semi-direct democracy currently in force in the constitutional texts of Portugal and Brazil – the referendum, the popular initiative and the petition and popular action rights – and also of the recall – which, despite not having constitutional provision in these countries, deserves to be analyzed especially from the perspective of this new paradigm of citizenship proposed here, since the mechanism favors the collective action of citizens. The purpose of the analysis of these institutes is to re-signify them within the framework of the representative democracy itself, but under the paradigm of the active citizenship as outlined here. It is concluded that the stimulus to institutional mechanisms of participation that involve the citizen’s sense of responsibility is fundamental for an effective reinvigoration – and not for substitution – of representative democracy, which, in its turn, brings the perspective of a more qualified and effective participation in the policymaking process, thus strengthening democracy itself. The thesis was developed based on the method of deductive approach, which departs from general theories and laws and aims to solve specific problems. Regarding the methods of procedure, the comparative, monographic, statistical and typological methods were used, as were all of them defined by Lakatos and Marconi. It is also worth noting the use of the synthetic method according to Monebhurrun’s proposition. According to this method the jurist, at the beginning of his research, uses exclusively primary objective sources, that is, juridical texts – in other words the Constitution, the legislation and the jurisprudence. Only in a second stage, when the jurist already has his own independent view of the meaning of these legal texts, the comparative analysis of these texts is made, relating the result of his own interpretation with what has already been pointed out by the doctrine. At the end of the text some future possibilities for legal research on active citizenship and citizen-centered governance are presented.
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Palavras-chave
Democracia representativa Participação politica Partidos políticos Cidadania ativa Cidadania ativa Políticas públicas Representative democracy Political participation Political parties Active citizenship Public policies