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A efetividade dos direitos fundamentais nas relações juslaborais
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O Estado liberal baseado na igualdade de todos os cidadãos mostrou-se, no plano fático, completamente inadequado, transmudando-se para o Estado Social de Direito. Com a evolução da sociedade, deu-se a necessidade da proteção de direitos fundamentais nas relações privadas, inclusive nas relações juslaborais. Contudo, a forma e a intensidade da vinculação dos particulares aos direitos fundamentais não podem ser análogas às do Estado, uma vez que cidadãos são igualmente titulares de direitos fundamentais. O exercício dos direitos fundamentais dos empregados está supraditado e limitado pelo contrato de trabalho, sendo uma limitação justificada, ao ser o contrato fruto do exercício do direito à autonomia. As teorias da inaplicabilidade dos direitos fundamentais, a teoria da eficácia imediata, a teoria da eficácia mediata e a teoria dos deveres de proteção surgiram para conceber cientificidade ao estudo desses direitos nas relações privadas. A doutrina brasileira inclina-se, quase que à unanimidade, pela possibilidade da aplicação da teoria da eficácia direta ou imediata no Brasil, com fulcro no artigo 5o, parágrafo primeiro, da Constituição Federal brasileira de 1988. Por outro lado, os juristas portugueses defendem a teoria da eficácia mediata com alguns dissidentes abraçando a teoria dos deveres de proteção. É do Parlamento e não do Judiciário, que atua somente supletivamente, o protagonismo da defesa dos direitos da parte mais fraca quando em jogo relações privadas de poder, como sói acontecer, regra geral, com as relações de emprego. As decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal, do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho e dos demais órgãos do Poder Judiciário trabalhista brasileiro inclinam-se pela aplicação direta dos direitos fundamentais nas relações de emprego, pois já condicionadas a adotar uma posição favorável ao empregado. O objeto de estudo do presente trabalho é a análise das teorias dos direitos fundamentais nas relações privadas com a consequente conclusão de qual trará maior eficácia a esses direitos das relações juslaborais.
The liberal State based on equality of all citizens demonstrated, in phatic plan, completely inadequate transforming into Social State Right. With the society evolution, it emerged a need for the protection of fundamental rights in private relations, including labor relations. Nevertheless, the form and intensity of the attachment of individuals to fundamental rights cannot be analogous to those of the State, since citizens also holds fundamental rights. The exercise of the fundamental rights of employees is stated and limited by the employment contract, being a justified limitation, since the contract is the result of the exercise of the right to autonomy. Theories such as the state action, horizontal direct effect, horizontal indirect effect, and the state duties of protection arose to conceive scientificity in the study of these rights in private relations. In the one hand, Brazilian doctrine is inclined, almost unanimously, to the possibility of applying the direct or immediate efficacy theory, grounded on fifth article, paragraph one, of 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution. On the other hand, Portuguese jurists defend the theory of mediate efficacy with some dissenters embracing the theory of protective duties. It is Parliament and not the Judiciary, which only acts in a supplementary way, that the defense of the rights of the weaker party when private power relations are involved, as is usually the case with employment relations. The decisions of the Federal Supreme Court, the Superior Labor Court, and other Brazilian Labor Judiciary structures are based on the direct application of fundamental rights in employment relations, since they are already conditioned to adopt a position favorable to the employee. The object of study of this work is the analysis of theories of fundamental rights in private relations with the following conclusion of which will bring greater effectiveness to these rights of labor relations.
The liberal State based on equality of all citizens demonstrated, in phatic plan, completely inadequate transforming into Social State Right. With the society evolution, it emerged a need for the protection of fundamental rights in private relations, including labor relations. Nevertheless, the form and intensity of the attachment of individuals to fundamental rights cannot be analogous to those of the State, since citizens also holds fundamental rights. The exercise of the fundamental rights of employees is stated and limited by the employment contract, being a justified limitation, since the contract is the result of the exercise of the right to autonomy. Theories such as the state action, horizontal direct effect, horizontal indirect effect, and the state duties of protection arose to conceive scientificity in the study of these rights in private relations. In the one hand, Brazilian doctrine is inclined, almost unanimously, to the possibility of applying the direct or immediate efficacy theory, grounded on fifth article, paragraph one, of 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution. On the other hand, Portuguese jurists defend the theory of mediate efficacy with some dissenters embracing the theory of protective duties. It is Parliament and not the Judiciary, which only acts in a supplementary way, that the defense of the rights of the weaker party when private power relations are involved, as is usually the case with employment relations. The decisions of the Federal Supreme Court, the Superior Labor Court, and other Brazilian Labor Judiciary structures are based on the direct application of fundamental rights in employment relations, since they are already conditioned to adopt a position favorable to the employee. The object of study of this work is the analysis of theories of fundamental rights in private relations with the following conclusion of which will bring greater effectiveness to these rights of labor relations.
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Direitos fundamentais Relações laborais Teses de mestrado - 2018