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Análise comparativa de diferentes abordagens operacionais para a adaptação do ordenamento do espaço marinho às alterações climáticas
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Durante o último meio século, a pressão das acções humanas no oceano tem sido substancial, resultando num aumento significativo de impactos cumulativos sobre os ecossistemas marinhos e costeiros, dos quais dependem tanto a manutenção de um bom estado ambiental como o bem-estar das sociedades humanas. Apesar de ser muitas vezes necessário considerar individualmente os impactos de diferentes fatores de pressão, a tomada de decisão relativamente a questões de conservação e de gestão do oceano deve sempre ser realizada através de um prisma de visão integrada e abrangente. A presente dissertação foca-se num factor particular de pressão, as alterações climáticas globais, e num instrumento de gestão em particular, que apresenta um reconhecido potencial para promover o uso e a gestão sustentáveis do oceano, o ordenamento do espaço marinho (OEM). A potencialidade do OEM enquanto instrumento estratégico e operacional para suportar o uso e a gestão sustentável do oceano, em especial o Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) 14, “Proteger a Vida Marinha”, da Agenda 2030, é globalmente reconhecida. Atualmente, o OEM está em desenvolvimento em quase 70 países a nível mundial, que correspondem a cerca de metade das nações costeiras, e continua em expansão. No entanto, o OEM enfrenta um conjunto de desafios que podem comprometer a sua eficácia, onde se incluem as alterações climáticas globais - um dos maiores problemas ambientais da atualidade devido à sua capacidade de funcionar como motor de mudança nos sistemas socio-ecológicos do planeta. É necessário integrar o desafio das alterações climáticas no OEM, quer do ponto de vista conceptual quer operacional garantindo uma gestão flexível e dinâmica, que proporcione uma maior capacidade de resposta e de adaptação. O objetivo geral da presente dissertação corresponde à identificação e análise de diferentes abordagens operacionais com potencial para promover a adaptação aos efeitos das alterações climáticas nos processos de OEM. Uma vez identificadas, desenvolveram-se análises SWOT, que permitiram a identificação dos pontos fortes, fracos, oportunidades e ameaças de cada abordagem operacional. Adicionalmente, também foi analisada a relevância para os ODS. Enquanto algumas abordagens como o Adaptive Management ou o Anticipatory Zoning apresentam um maior potencial para facilitar a incorporação de adaptabilidade e flexibilidade do OEM, e dessa forma a implementação dos ODS, outras como o Just-in-case planning ou o Anticipatory Bidding for Future Use Rights, revelam-se pelo contrário menos adequadas. Por último, é necessário considerar que não existe uma solução única, e que a adequação das diferentes abordagens irá variar com o contexto geográfico e as suas caraterísticas ambientais, económicas e sociais.
The increase of human pressures in the ocean during the last half century has been substantial, resulting in increased cumulative impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems, with deep consequencies in both the maintenance of the good environmental status and the wellbeing of human societies. To be sustainable, the decision-making processes related to the conservation and management of the ocean must always be conducted through an integrated and holistic perspective and approach. The present dissertation focuses in a particular anthropogenic stressor, global climate change, and a particular management approach, with high potential to promote a sustainable use of the ocean, marine spatial planning (MSP). The potencial of MSP as a holistic, strategic and operational tool to support the use and sustainable management of the ocean, specially to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14, “Life Below Water”, from the 2030 Agenda, is globally recognised. Presently, MSP is being developed in almost 70 countries around the world, which represent almost half of coastal countries, and will keep expanding. However, MSP faces a set of challenges that could compromise its own efficacy, where global climate change – one of the main environmental problems nowadays – is included, due to the capacity this process has to act as a driving force of change in social-ecological systems. It is necessary to incorporate climate change in the MSP process, from both conceptual and operational perspectives, to ensure a flexible and dynamic management, which will guarantee a bigger response and adaptation capacity. The main objective of the present dissertation is to identify and analyse the different operational approaches, with the potential to promote adaptation to global climate change in MSP processes. Each identified operational approach was examinated through a SWOT analysis, which allowed the identification of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Additionally, it was also evaluated the relevance of each operational approach to the SDGs. Despite some approaches such as Adaptive Management or Anticipatory Zoning present highly suitable results to facilitate the incorporation of adaptability and flexibility to MSP, and, through that way, to the implementation of SDGs, others, such as Just-In-Case planning or Ocean Zoning, are less appropriated. Finally, it is necessary to consider there is no universal solution to the adequation of the different operational approaches, thus will vary within the geographical context and its environmental, economic and social characteristics.
The increase of human pressures in the ocean during the last half century has been substantial, resulting in increased cumulative impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems, with deep consequencies in both the maintenance of the good environmental status and the wellbeing of human societies. To be sustainable, the decision-making processes related to the conservation and management of the ocean must always be conducted through an integrated and holistic perspective and approach. The present dissertation focuses in a particular anthropogenic stressor, global climate change, and a particular management approach, with high potential to promote a sustainable use of the ocean, marine spatial planning (MSP). The potencial of MSP as a holistic, strategic and operational tool to support the use and sustainable management of the ocean, specially to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14, “Life Below Water”, from the 2030 Agenda, is globally recognised. Presently, MSP is being developed in almost 70 countries around the world, which represent almost half of coastal countries, and will keep expanding. However, MSP faces a set of challenges that could compromise its own efficacy, where global climate change – one of the main environmental problems nowadays – is included, due to the capacity this process has to act as a driving force of change in social-ecological systems. It is necessary to incorporate climate change in the MSP process, from both conceptual and operational perspectives, to ensure a flexible and dynamic management, which will guarantee a bigger response and adaptation capacity. The main objective of the present dissertation is to identify and analyse the different operational approaches, with the potential to promote adaptation to global climate change in MSP processes. Each identified operational approach was examinated through a SWOT analysis, which allowed the identification of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Additionally, it was also evaluated the relevance of each operational approach to the SDGs. Despite some approaches such as Adaptive Management or Anticipatory Zoning present highly suitable results to facilitate the incorporation of adaptability and flexibility to MSP, and, through that way, to the implementation of SDGs, others, such as Just-In-Case planning or Ocean Zoning, are less appropriated. Finally, it is necessary to consider there is no universal solution to the adequation of the different operational approaches, thus will vary within the geographical context and its environmental, economic and social characteristics.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Ecologia Marinha, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2020
Palavras-chave
Ordenamento do espaço marinho Alterações climáticas Abordagens operacionais Adaptação Objetivos Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) Teses de mestrado - 2020