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Concussões repetitivas nos desportos de contacto : efeitos a curto e longo prazo : um problema para a sociedade
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O principal objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar uma revisão dos traumatismos crânio-encefálicos repetitivos nos atletas, enfatizando a sintomatologia, estratégias de deteção precoce e dar a conhecer as consequências, entre as quais a vertigem, que é um dos sintomas mais comuns referidos pelos atletas que sofrem uma concussão.
Nos seus estudos mais recentes, a Medicina tem vindo a prestar cada vez maior atenção às consequências a curto e a longo prazo, atribuídas aos traumatismos crânio-encefálicos repetitivos nos atletas. Estes estudos, precedidos de discussão, que atualmente tem sido exaustiva, assentam em dados relacionados com o conhecimento das causas e fatores associados, na incidência e prevalência e ainda em informação fornecida pela anatomia patológica. Ainda assim, as lesões cerebrais traumáticas leves ou concussões, são insuficientemente reconhecidas continuando a ser subestimadas pelos profissionais de saúde e pela comunidade desportiva, e a ter um impacto pouco significativo no bem-estar futuro dos atletas.
Atualmente, começaram a detetar-se inúmeras evidências de que as concussões podem ser mais comuns e devastadoras do que se considerava no passado. A lesão cerebral traumática nos desportos é uma ocorrência, relativamente vulgar, que pode estar associada a uma morbilidade significativa e consequente mortalidade ocasional. Muitas das suas sequelas podem ser minoradas ou mesmo evitadas se houver um entendimento correto desta patologia e se forem disponibilizados os meios necessários para que a assistência à concussão comece logo no local do acidente.
Para além, da questão dos efeitos a médio prazo como o Síndrome pós-concussão e o Síndrome do Segundo Impacto, é preciso realçar a ocorrência, a longo prazo, da Encefalopatia Traumática Crónica, e o aparecimento de Doença de Alzheimer e Parkinson precoce.
The main purpose of this thesis is to provide a review of repetitive traumatic brain injury in athletes, emphasing its symptomatology and strategies for early detection, as well as reporting its consequences, such as Post-Traumatic Vertigo, one of the most commonly reported symptoms by athletes after suffering a concussion. Recently, this topic has gained popularity within the medical community, fostering exhaustive research regarding short- and long-term consequences of repetitive traumatic brain injury in athletes. These studies have been based upon information regarding traumatic brain injury causes and associated factors, incidence and prevalence, and evidence from anatomical pathology. Despite the increasing awareness, significant impact on the athlete’s future well-being fails to be achieved, as mild traumatic brain injuries or concussions are still underdiagnosed and often underestimated by the medical and sports community. Evidence showing significant prevalence and alarming severity of concussions is starting to arise. Sports related traumatic brain injury is a relatively common event and may be associated with significant morbidity and, consequently, occasional mortality. Many of its sequelae can be alleviated or avoided if this pathology is correctly understood and if the patient is immediately assisted at the site of the accident. In addition to medium-term effects, namely Post-Concussion Syndrome and Second Impact Syndrome, it is relevant to highlight the pathological potential of having long term outcomes such as Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, the onset of Alzheimer's Disease and early Parkinson's.
The main purpose of this thesis is to provide a review of repetitive traumatic brain injury in athletes, emphasing its symptomatology and strategies for early detection, as well as reporting its consequences, such as Post-Traumatic Vertigo, one of the most commonly reported symptoms by athletes after suffering a concussion. Recently, this topic has gained popularity within the medical community, fostering exhaustive research regarding short- and long-term consequences of repetitive traumatic brain injury in athletes. These studies have been based upon information regarding traumatic brain injury causes and associated factors, incidence and prevalence, and evidence from anatomical pathology. Despite the increasing awareness, significant impact on the athlete’s future well-being fails to be achieved, as mild traumatic brain injuries or concussions are still underdiagnosed and often underestimated by the medical and sports community. Evidence showing significant prevalence and alarming severity of concussions is starting to arise. Sports related traumatic brain injury is a relatively common event and may be associated with significant morbidity and, consequently, occasional mortality. Many of its sequelae can be alleviated or avoided if this pathology is correctly understood and if the patient is immediately assisted at the site of the accident. In addition to medium-term effects, namely Post-Concussion Syndrome and Second Impact Syndrome, it is relevant to highlight the pathological potential of having long term outcomes such as Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, the onset of Alzheimer's Disease and early Parkinson's.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2018
Palavras-chave
Concussão Vertigem Síndrome pós-concussão Encefalopatia traumática crónica Otorrinolaringologia