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Os edifícios de elevado desempenho energético apresentam-se como o maior desafio no setor da eficiência energética das próximas décadas. No âmbito da diretiva europeia para um aumento do desempenho energético das construções, é necessário que os Estados-Membros da União Europeia realizem estudos de níveis ótimos de rentabilidade dos requisitos mínimos de desempenho energético dos edifícios. Nesta vertente, são utilizados edifícios de referência para esses estudos, devendo existir a preocupação com escolhas acertadas ao nível da combinação das opções arquitetónicas e de envolvente dos modelos de edifícios de referência, com o objetivo de se obterem soluções ótimas que melhorem o desempenho energético pelo menor custo global.
Na presente dissertação é efetuado um estudo de avaliação do impacto que as soluções passivas de edifícios de escritórios, ao nível da arquitetura e qualidade térmica da envolvente, apresentam na avaliação da eficiência energética dos mesmos e nas soluções de custo-ótimo. O estudo é realizado considerando duas localizações distintas na Europa (Helsínquia e Lisboa), pretendendo-se contribuir para a definição da arquitetura do edifício de escritórios de referência europeu que conduz ao alcance dos níveis mínimos de energia, em alternativa às soluções base de edifícios prismáticos dos estudos realizados até agora. Na análise de sensibilidade foram adotadas duas opções: uma análise comparativa e outra pela aplicação dos métodos de regressão e de Morris.
O presente estudo permitiu concluir que o parâmetro da arquitetura mais importante é o fator de forma que apresenta um peso de 80% na variação do desempenho energético, face a outros fatores geométricos e de qualidade térmica da envolvente. Igualmente verificou-se que as variáveis de iluminação, equipamentos elétricos e fração de vão envidraçado da envolvente são responsáveis por uma elevada proporção das necessidades de energia primária das construções, correspondendo a cerca de 30%, 50% e 10% do consumo energético dos modelos estudados.
Conclui-se que os níveis mínimos de energia, em Helsínquia correspondem a necessidades de energia primária de 52 kWhEP/m2.ano e em Lisboa a 62 kWhEP/m2.ano, diferindo em aproximadamente 70% em relação aos resultados verificados nos modelos de edifícios apresentados nos relatórios europeus. No que diz respeito ao nível de custo-ótimo, foi obtido um valor de 182 €/m2 para Helsínquia e de 183 €/m2 para Lisboa, com necessidades de energia primária de 60 kWhEP/m2.ano e 74 kWhEP/m2.ano, respetivamente.
Para validar as soluções de níveis mínimos de energia, preconiza-se que o modelo de edifícios de escritório europeu corresponda assim a um modelo com um fator de forma inferior a 0.20, um valor de fração de vão envidraçada (WWR) de 10% em Helsínquia e 80% em Lisboa e uma minimização dos valores de coeficientes de transferência de calor da envolvente opaca e envidraçada e das componentes de ganhos internos (iluminação, equipamentos elétricos e ocupação). Estes modelos deverão apresentar sistemas de controlo de iluminação natural, dispositivos de sombreamento, uma estratégia de ventilação natural e sistemas energéticos de climatização de elevada eficiência.
Em suma, considera-se que a tipologia de edifícios de escritórios de referência do presente estudo permite definir novas fronteiras para o desempenho energético dos edifícios europeus, e ainda, contribuir para as soluções de componentes das construções que permitirão otimizar a eficiência energética do setor.
High energy performance buildings are the biggest challenge in the energy efficiency sector in the coming decades. Within the framework of the European Directive for an increase in the energy performance of buildings, it is necessary for Member States of the European Union to carry out studies of optimum levels of profitability of the minimum energy performance requirements of buildings. In this aspect, reference buildings are used for these studies, and there should be a concern with the right choices in terms of the combination of the architectural and envelope options of reference building models to obtain optimal solutions that improve energy performance through lower overall cost. In the present dissertation, a study is carried out to evaluate the impact of passive solutions of office buildings, in terms of the architecture and the thermal quality of the envelope, in the evaluation of their energy efficiency and cost-optimal solutions. The study is carried out considering two distinct locations in Europe (Helsinki and Lisbon), aiming to contribute to the definition of European office building architecture leading to the achievement of minimum energy levels as an alternative to base solutions of prismatic buildings of studies carried out so far. For the sensitivity analysis two options were adopted: a comparative analysis and another by the application of the regression and Morris methods. The present study allowed to conclude that the parameter of the most important architecture is the form factor that presents a weight of 80% in the energetic performance variation, in relation to other geometric factors and thermal quality of the envelope. It was also verified that the variables of lighting, electrical equipment and glass enclosure fraction are responsible for a high proportion of the primary energy needs of the buildings, corresponding to about 30%, 50% and 10% of the energy consumption of the models studied. It was found that at the Helsinki location the minimum energy levels correspond to a primary energy requirement of 52 kWhEP/m2.year, where as in Lisbon it corresponds to a requirement of 62 kWhEP/m2.year, differing by approximately 70% from the results found in the building models presented in the European reports. Regarding the cost-optimal level, this presents a value of 182 €/m2 for Helsinki and 183 €/m2 for Lisbon, with primary energy needs of 60 kWhEP/m2.year and 74 kWhEP/m2.year, respectively. It is recommended that the model of European office buildings should correspond to a model with a form factor of less than 0.20, a glass-enclosed fraction (WWR) of 10% in Helsinki and 80% in Lisbon, a minimization of the values of heat transfer coefficient of the opaque and glazed envelope and the internal gains components (lighting, electrical equipment and occupation). These models should feature natural lighting control systems, shading devices, a natural ventilation strategy and air-conditioning systems of high efficiency. In short, the typology of reference office buildings in the present study allows us to define new frontiers for the energy performance of European buildings, as well as contributing to the solutions of building components that will optimize the energy efficiency of the sector.
High energy performance buildings are the biggest challenge in the energy efficiency sector in the coming decades. Within the framework of the European Directive for an increase in the energy performance of buildings, it is necessary for Member States of the European Union to carry out studies of optimum levels of profitability of the minimum energy performance requirements of buildings. In this aspect, reference buildings are used for these studies, and there should be a concern with the right choices in terms of the combination of the architectural and envelope options of reference building models to obtain optimal solutions that improve energy performance through lower overall cost. In the present dissertation, a study is carried out to evaluate the impact of passive solutions of office buildings, in terms of the architecture and the thermal quality of the envelope, in the evaluation of their energy efficiency and cost-optimal solutions. The study is carried out considering two distinct locations in Europe (Helsinki and Lisbon), aiming to contribute to the definition of European office building architecture leading to the achievement of minimum energy levels as an alternative to base solutions of prismatic buildings of studies carried out so far. For the sensitivity analysis two options were adopted: a comparative analysis and another by the application of the regression and Morris methods. The present study allowed to conclude that the parameter of the most important architecture is the form factor that presents a weight of 80% in the energetic performance variation, in relation to other geometric factors and thermal quality of the envelope. It was also verified that the variables of lighting, electrical equipment and glass enclosure fraction are responsible for a high proportion of the primary energy needs of the buildings, corresponding to about 30%, 50% and 10% of the energy consumption of the models studied. It was found that at the Helsinki location the minimum energy levels correspond to a primary energy requirement of 52 kWhEP/m2.year, where as in Lisbon it corresponds to a requirement of 62 kWhEP/m2.year, differing by approximately 70% from the results found in the building models presented in the European reports. Regarding the cost-optimal level, this presents a value of 182 €/m2 for Helsinki and 183 €/m2 for Lisbon, with primary energy needs of 60 kWhEP/m2.year and 74 kWhEP/m2.year, respectively. It is recommended that the model of European office buildings should correspond to a model with a form factor of less than 0.20, a glass-enclosed fraction (WWR) of 10% in Helsinki and 80% in Lisbon, a minimization of the values of heat transfer coefficient of the opaque and glazed envelope and the internal gains components (lighting, electrical equipment and occupation). These models should feature natural lighting control systems, shading devices, a natural ventilation strategy and air-conditioning systems of high efficiency. In short, the typology of reference office buildings in the present study allows us to define new frontiers for the energy performance of European buildings, as well as contributing to the solutions of building components that will optimize the energy efficiency of the sector.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado Integrado em Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2017
Palavras-chave
Edifícios de escritórios Custo-ótimo Arquitetura Desempenho energético Análise de sensibilidade EnergyPlus Teses de mestrado - 2017
