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Os limites da solidariedade europeia no Novo Pacto em Matéria de Migração e Asilo
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
A presente dissertação discute o conceito de solidariedade proposto no Novo Pacto em Matéria de Migração e Asilo, propondo-se aferir se responde de forma adequada às necessidades e aos objetivos da União Europeia nesta matéria. A importância deste documento político e pacote legislativo associado decorre da incapacidade de adotar uma solidariedade permanente que permita gerir a migração e o asilo.
Seguindo uma abordagem fundamentalmente qualitativa, com carácter descritivo e dedutivo, são analisados o contexto da crise migratória de 2015/16 e as suas consequências para a União; as perspetivas de solidariedade presentes na Agenda Europeia da Migração, de 2015, e no Novo Pacto, de 2020; as disparidades na resposta à gestão da migração prevista na Agenda Europeia da Migração; e as diferentes abordagens ao processo negocial no novo Pacto em Matéria de Migração e Asilo.
A investigação conclui que o Novo Pacto é incapaz de unir todos os Estados-membros na implementação de um equilíbrio entre solidariedade e partilha equitativa das responsabilidades. Este insucesso demonstra como os limites da solidariedade se encontram bem definidos, não permitindo que os interesses da União vão para além dos dos Estados- -membros. É o travão imposto por estes últimos, marcadamente intergovernamental, que impossibilita uma verdadeira revisão do SECA e do Regulamento de Dublim. Esta revisão é essencial para alterar o critério de determinação do Estado-membro responsável pela análise dos pedidos de asilo, motivador das desigualdades entre os diferentes sistemas nacionais de asilo. A existência de mecanismos de solidariedade demasiado complexos e de difícil aplicação também impedem a implementação desse equilíbrio.
Assim, apesar de constituir um avanço notável, nomeadamente numa perspetiva neofuncionalista de integração europeia, dado o carácter transnacional do fenómeno migratório obrigar a uma solução concertada entre Estados-membros, o novo Pacto não responde na totalidade às necessidades e objetivos da União Europeia.
This dissertation duels on the concept of solidarity proposed in the New Pact on Migration and Asylum to assess whether it responds adequately to the needs and objectives of the European Union. The importance of this policy document and associated legislative package stems from the EU’s inability to adopt permanent solidarity to manage migration and asylum successfully. Following a fundamentally qualitative approach, in a descriptive and deductive nature, the dissertation analyzes the context of the migration crisis of 2015/16 and its consequences for the Union; the perspectives of solidarity present in the European Agenda on Migration of 2015 and in the 2020 New Pact; the disparities in migration management foreseen in the European Agenda on Migration; and the different approaches to the negotiation process in the New Pact on Migration and Asylum. The research concludes that the New Pact is unable to unite all Member States in striking a balance between solidarity and a fair sharing of responsibility. This failure demonstrates that the limits of solidarity are well defined, not allowing the Union’s interests to go beyond those of the Member States. It is this markedly intergovernmental stance that makes a true CEAS and Dublin Regulation’s review impossible. This reevaluation is essential to change the criteria determining the Member State responsible for asylum applications, which is the main driver of the inequalities experienced between the national asylum systems of the first entry countries and those of the remaining countries. The existence of solidarity mechanisms that are too complex and difficult to implement also hinders the balance between solidarity and a fair sharing of responsibilities. Despite being a step forward, particularly in a neofunctionalist perspective of European integration, given the transnational nature of the migration phenomenon, the New Pact does not fully meet the needs and objectives of the European Union.
This dissertation duels on the concept of solidarity proposed in the New Pact on Migration and Asylum to assess whether it responds adequately to the needs and objectives of the European Union. The importance of this policy document and associated legislative package stems from the EU’s inability to adopt permanent solidarity to manage migration and asylum successfully. Following a fundamentally qualitative approach, in a descriptive and deductive nature, the dissertation analyzes the context of the migration crisis of 2015/16 and its consequences for the Union; the perspectives of solidarity present in the European Agenda on Migration of 2015 and in the 2020 New Pact; the disparities in migration management foreseen in the European Agenda on Migration; and the different approaches to the negotiation process in the New Pact on Migration and Asylum. The research concludes that the New Pact is unable to unite all Member States in striking a balance between solidarity and a fair sharing of responsibility. This failure demonstrates that the limits of solidarity are well defined, not allowing the Union’s interests to go beyond those of the Member States. It is this markedly intergovernmental stance that makes a true CEAS and Dublin Regulation’s review impossible. This reevaluation is essential to change the criteria determining the Member State responsible for asylum applications, which is the main driver of the inequalities experienced between the national asylum systems of the first entry countries and those of the remaining countries. The existence of solidarity mechanisms that are too complex and difficult to implement also hinders the balance between solidarity and a fair sharing of responsibilities. Despite being a step forward, particularly in a neofunctionalist perspective of European integration, given the transnational nature of the migration phenomenon, the New Pact does not fully meet the needs and objectives of the European Union.
Descrição
Dissertação para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Relações Internacionais
Palavras-chave
Crise migratória; União Europeia; Agenda Europeia da Migração; Novo Pacto; Solidariedade.