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Abstract(s)
Decarbonization of road transport will have a large impact on the electric power system. We compare the outcomes of the simultaneous decarbonization of the two coupled sectors with road mobility powered by (1) hydrogen, (2) battery plug-in, and (3) battery swapping, against the incumbent model (internal combustion engines that burn diesel oil or gasoline). Battery swapping, which decouples battery charging from vehicle use, outperforms all alternatives. It offers (a) Solution to the problem of decarbonization of heavy long-range transport, (b) Vehicle use and refuelling as simple as today, and (c) Lowest costs for transport: beats Plug-in and is cheaper than diesel and gasoline, while hydrogen powered road transport leads to an annual overcost of the order of 3% of GNP. On the electric power system, grid-connected batteries in swapping stations (a) Turn mobility demand into a flexible load, with the capacity to absorb all renewable generation peaks: incorporation of 90% solar and wind generation in the electric system is not a problem; (b) Provide fast-response firm back-up power to the grid; (c) Contribute very significantly to electric system balance: together with longer-term hydro-storage (in the concrete case of Portugal, our model system), grid stability is achieved with no need for further storage nor high-capacity powerlines for import/export (Investment plans in international connections and in additional storage should be reviewed); (d) Lead to the lowest consumption of electric energy for road transport (The hydrogen option would require at least twice as much); and (e) Lead to a stable electric system with the lowest costs of electricity for the general consumer, because all these benefits come almost for free to the electric system: they are mostly paid for by transport. And low-cost electric energy from a stable electric system will encourage faster decarbonization of many other human activities, from buildings to industry. The battery swapping model for road mobility outperforms so outstandingly all others that we were surprised to find that our study of its consequences in a national electric system was
the very first one to be published. We hope other researchers and decision makers will deepen and extend this study, and include the battery swapping model as an alternative for the future transport and power systems.
Description
Keywords
Battery swapping Road transport Electric system modelling Decarbonization Sector coupling Electric vehicles
Pedagogical Context
Citation
A.M. Vallera, The transition: Why we need battery swapping for the future energy and transport systems, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Instituto Dom Luiz, Lisboa, Portugal, 2023, ISBN 978-972-9348-25-9, https://doi.org/10.56526/10451/55274