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O caso de ar/er : um ponto mal esclarecido na história da língua portuguesa
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Abstract(s)
A presente dissertação de mestrado, subordinada ao tema O caso de ar/er: um ponto mal esclarecido na história da língua portuguesa, visa contribuir para o preenchimento de uma lacuna de informação relativamente à presença na língua escrita e ao comportamento gramatical do advérbio ar/er desde o português antigo até ao português vicentino. Para responder a esse objectivo, foi criado um corpus extenso com atestações do advérbio ar/er, extraídas de textos notariais e literários, poéticos e em prosa, portugueses e galegos. A partir da sua análise tentámos esclarecer alguns dos aspectos que considerámos serem essenciais para um conhecimento mais aprofundado deste advérbio, designadamente a sua distribuição por século, autor e obra, a sua evolução sintáctica (até ao seu desaparecimento), a sua classificação gramatical, os valores semânticos que pode assumir, e ainda a sua etimologia. O advérbio ar/er, originado no prefixo latino RE-, posiciona-se maioritariamente junto ao verbo, competindo por essa posição com o advérbio de negação não e os pronomes clíticos. No entanto, não se limita exclusivamente nem à posição pré-verbal nem à vizinhança do verbo. A tendência para a autonomização em relação ao verbo e uma maior mobilidade na frase manifesta-se ao longo do tempo, tornando-se mais acentuada nos textos tardios (séculos XV e XVI). Por estabelecer relações inter-oracionais e inter-frásicas, apresenta, sintacticamente e semanticamente, características de advérbio conectivo, podendo assumir um valor aditivo (equativo/reforçador) ou um valor contrastivo (antitético/concessivo). Estes valores mantêm-se estáveis ao longo do tempo. No português quinhentista, o advérbio em estudo só está presente no teatro vicentino (limitado à forma er) e daí em diante não mais se atesta. A distribuição textual das variantes ar e er permite isolar áreas geolinguísticas particulares desde época antiga e revela-se interes
The present master's dissertation, entitled The Case of ar/er: An Ill-explained Issue in the History of the Portuguese Language, is intended to contribute to filling an information gap as to the presence and grammatical behaviour of the adverb ar/er in written language, from Old Portuguese through to the Portuguese of Gil Vicente. In going about this purpose, an extensive corpus was built up of examples of the adverb ar/er, taken from legal and literary texts, from both poetry and prose, and from both Galician and Portuguese examples. On the basis of an analysis of this corpus, it has been attempted to clarify some of the aspects we consider to be essential for a more thoroughgoing understanding of this adverb, specifically its distribution by century, author and work; its syntactic evolution (through to its disappearance); its grammatical clarification; the semantic values it may assume; and also its etymology. The adverb ar/er, which originates from the Latin prefix RE-, is generally positioned next to the verb, competing for this position with the adverb of negation não and the clitic pronouns. Nonetheless, it is not exclusively restricted to the pre-verbal position nor to proximity to the verb. The trend towards its increasing autonomy with regard to the verb and greater mobility within the sentence is amplified over time, becoming most accentuated in the later texts (15th and 16th centuries). As it establishes relationships between clauses and sentences, it presents, in syntactic and semantic terms, the characteristics of a conjunctive adverb, and may assume an additive (equative/reinforcing) or contrastive (antithetic/concessive) value. These values remain stable over time. In sixteenth-century Portuguese, the adverb in question is present only in the theatrical works of Gil Vicente (limited to the form er). Thenceforth, it is no longer to be found. The textual distribution of the variants ar and er allow specific geolinguistic areas to be isolated from
The present master's dissertation, entitled The Case of ar/er: An Ill-explained Issue in the History of the Portuguese Language, is intended to contribute to filling an information gap as to the presence and grammatical behaviour of the adverb ar/er in written language, from Old Portuguese through to the Portuguese of Gil Vicente. In going about this purpose, an extensive corpus was built up of examples of the adverb ar/er, taken from legal and literary texts, from both poetry and prose, and from both Galician and Portuguese examples. On the basis of an analysis of this corpus, it has been attempted to clarify some of the aspects we consider to be essential for a more thoroughgoing understanding of this adverb, specifically its distribution by century, author and work; its syntactic evolution (through to its disappearance); its grammatical clarification; the semantic values it may assume; and also its etymology. The adverb ar/er, which originates from the Latin prefix RE-, is generally positioned next to the verb, competing for this position with the adverb of negation não and the clitic pronouns. Nonetheless, it is not exclusively restricted to the pre-verbal position nor to proximity to the verb. The trend towards its increasing autonomy with regard to the verb and greater mobility within the sentence is amplified over time, becoming most accentuated in the later texts (15th and 16th centuries). As it establishes relationships between clauses and sentences, it presents, in syntactic and semantic terms, the characteristics of a conjunctive adverb, and may assume an additive (equative/reinforcing) or contrastive (antithetic/concessive) value. These values remain stable over time. In sixteenth-century Portuguese, the adverb in question is present only in the theatrical works of Gil Vicente (limited to the form er). Thenceforth, it is no longer to be found. The textual distribution of the variants ar and er allow specific geolinguistic areas to be isolated from
Description
Tese de mestrado em Linguística Portuguesa apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 2008
Keywords
Língua portuguesa Advérbios Etimologia Sintaxe Semântica Teses de mestrado