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"De preconceituoso e louco todos temos um pouco" – O papel dos estereótipos raciais na tomada de decisão na justiça
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A existência de desigualdades entre o tipo de tratamento que os sujeitos Negros e Brancos recebem não é algo novo, mas nos últimos anos tem existido um aumento do número de acontecimentos que têm reforçado essas diferenças. Uma das áreas onde essas desigualdades têm sido mais estudadas é precisamente na área judicial, sendo esta uma das áreas onde tem havido um maior foco não só por parte dos investigadores, mas também por parte da população geral, sendo o caso de George Floyd um dos exemplos mais mediáticos dos últimos tempos que colocaram em evidencia estas diferenças de tratamento. O presente estudo procura então estudar essas mesmo desigualdades, focando-se em específico no tipo de discrepâncias que existem na aplicação de sentenças em função não só da etnia do sujeito (Brancos vs. Negros) mas também em função do tipo de crime (Estereotípico de Branco vs. Estereotípico de Negros). O estudo de Petsko & Bodenhausen (2019) fala-nos acerca do race crime congruency effect, efeito esse que procuramos replicar, utilizando para tal uma lista de crimes retiradas do artigo de Freitas e colaboradores (manuscrito submetido, 2022). O presente estudo utilizou então um conjunto de 12 crimes estereótipicos de cada uma das etnias (6 de cada uma) assim como outros 3 crimes considerados neutros. Foram elaborados dois acórdãos para cada um dos 12 crimes, uma versão com uma face negra e outra com uma face branca, procurando verificar então a congruência entre as faces e o tipo de crime, sendo que nos crimes neutros apenas existia uma versão de cada um. Os resultados demonstram a existência de um efeito quando o crime era estereotípico de Branco, onde os sujeitos Brancos recebiam penas superiores em comparação com os Negros, mas não se verificou o oposto para os crimes estereotípicos de Negros. Foi encontrado, no entanto um efeito entre o tipo de crime e a etnia dos suspeitos no que à probabilidade de reincidência diz respeito, mas apenas nos crimes onde as penas recomendadas eram menores, sendo necessário a realização de mais estudos de modo a perceber melhor a interação entre as 3 variáveis (etnia do sujeito; tipo de crime; pena recomendada). Por fim são mencionadas algumas das limitações encontradas no presente estudo assim como a ideia para a realização de um possível follow-up.
The existence of differences between the type of treatment that Black and White people receive is not something new, but in recent years there has been an increase in the number of events that reinforce these differences. One of the areas where these differences have been most studied is precisely in the judicial area, which is one of the areas where there has been a greater focus not only on the part of researchers, but also on the part of the general population, with the case of George Floyd being one of the more mediatic examples of recent times that have highlighted these differences in treatment. The present study therefore seeks to study these same inequalities, focusing specifically on the type of discrepancies that exist in the application of sentences depending not only on the subject's ethnicity (Whites vs. Blacks) but also depending on the type of crime (Stereotypical of Whites vs. Stereotypical of Blacks). The study by Petsko & Bodenhausen (2019) tells us about the race crime congruency effect, an effect that we seek to replicate, using a list of crimes taken from the article by Freitas and collaborators (submitted manuscript, 2022). The present study used a set of 12 stereotypical crimes from each of the ethnicities (6 from each) as well as 3 other crimes considered neutral. Two judgments were prepared for each of the 12 crimes, a version with a black face and another with a white face, seeking to verify the congruence between the faces and the type of crime, whereas in neutral crimes there was only one version of each. The results demonstrate the existence of an effect when the crime was stereotypical of White, where White subjects received higher sentences compared to Blacks, but the opposite was not verified for the stereotypical Black crimes. However, an effect was found between the type of crime and the ethnicity of the suspects in terms of the probability of recidivism, but only in crimes where the recommended penalties were lower, requiring further studies to better understand the interaction between the 3 variables (subject's ethnicity; type of crime; recommended penalty). Finally, some of the limitations found in the present study are mentioned, as well as the idea for a possible follow-up.
The existence of differences between the type of treatment that Black and White people receive is not something new, but in recent years there has been an increase in the number of events that reinforce these differences. One of the areas where these differences have been most studied is precisely in the judicial area, which is one of the areas where there has been a greater focus not only on the part of researchers, but also on the part of the general population, with the case of George Floyd being one of the more mediatic examples of recent times that have highlighted these differences in treatment. The present study therefore seeks to study these same inequalities, focusing specifically on the type of discrepancies that exist in the application of sentences depending not only on the subject's ethnicity (Whites vs. Blacks) but also depending on the type of crime (Stereotypical of Whites vs. Stereotypical of Blacks). The study by Petsko & Bodenhausen (2019) tells us about the race crime congruency effect, an effect that we seek to replicate, using a list of crimes taken from the article by Freitas and collaborators (submitted manuscript, 2022). The present study used a set of 12 stereotypical crimes from each of the ethnicities (6 from each) as well as 3 other crimes considered neutral. Two judgments were prepared for each of the 12 crimes, a version with a black face and another with a white face, seeking to verify the congruence between the faces and the type of crime, whereas in neutral crimes there was only one version of each. The results demonstrate the existence of an effect when the crime was stereotypical of White, where White subjects received higher sentences compared to Blacks, but the opposite was not verified for the stereotypical Black crimes. However, an effect was found between the type of crime and the ethnicity of the suspects in terms of the probability of recidivism, but only in crimes where the recommended penalties were lower, requiring further studies to better understand the interaction between the 3 variables (subject's ethnicity; type of crime; recommended penalty). Finally, some of the limitations found in the present study are mentioned, as well as the idea for a possible follow-up.
Descrição
Dissertação de mestrado, Psicologia Cognitiva e Social, 2022, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia
Palavras-chave
Estereótipo (Psicologia) Etnias Tomada de decisão Preconceito racial Justiça Dissertações de mestrado - 2022