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Authors
Abstract(s)
A análise tática dos jogos de futebol tem sido revolucionada nas últimas décadas com
o avançar da tecnologia, sendo possível obter métricas de desempenho, cada vez mais
eficazes, que visam a caracterização e avaliação do rendimento das equipas.
Esta Dissertação explora a integração da Geografia, através dos Sistemas de
Informação Geográfica (SIG), com a Teoria dos grafos, de forma a mapear, analisar e
comparar dinâmicas de redes de passes entre jogadores de futebol. O objetivo
primordial é demonstrar o potencial desta combinação através da análise das redes de
passes, aplicando ferramentas de análise de redes e de análise espacial, e assim
desenvolver e implementar uma metodologia que consiga demonstrar o papel
fundamental da Geografia e dos SIG na análise tática de um jogo de futebol.
Procedeu-se ao levantamento dos passes bem executados de duas equipas –
Manchester City e Liverpool – em dois jogos realizados por cada uma delas. Através
desses dados, obtiveram-se as análises das redes, nomeadamente com a visualização
das redes dos passes, bem como a partir das métricas das equipas e dos nós
(jogadores) – grau, centralidade e aglomeração. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma
análise espacial utilizando três ferramentas – densidade de Kernel, análises otimizadas
de hot spot e de outlier.
A combinação das diversas análises permitiu investigar a importância de certos nós na
dinâmica e comportamento da rede de cada equipa, bem como a identificação de
diferentes padrões de estilo de jogo, mediante as ideias táticas e o contexto inerente
das equipas que defrontaram.
Deste modo, ficou explícita a importância da Geografia aquando da sua aplicação para
visualizar e interpretar as diferentes dinâmicas de rede e espaciais que ocorrem na
micro-geografia que é o campo de futebol.
The tactical analysis of football matches has been revolutionized in recent decades with the advance of technology, making it possible to obtain increasingly effective performance metrics aimed at characterising and evaluating team performance. This Dissertation explores the integration of Geography, through Geographic Information Systems (GIS), with graph theory in order to map, analyse and compare the dynamics of passing networks between football players. The primary objective is to demonstrate the potential of this combination by analysing passing networks, applying network analysis and spatial analysis tools, and thus develop and implement a methodology that can demonstrate the fundamental role of Geography and GIS in the tactical analysis of a football match. A survey was carried out of the well-executed passes of two teams – Manchester City and Liverpool – in two games played by each of them. This data was used to analyse the networks, in particular by visualising the passing network, as well as the metrics of the teams and nodes (players) – degree, centrality and clustering. Spatial analysis was then carried out using three tools – kernel density, optimised hot spot and outlier analysis. The combination of the various analyses made it possible to investigate the importance of certain nodes in the dynamics and behaviour of each team’s network, as well as to identify different patterns of playing style, depending on the tactical ideas and inherent context of the teams they faced. In this way, the importance of Geography was made clear when it was applied to visualise and interpret the different networks and spatial dynamics that occur in the micro-geography that is the football pitch.
The tactical analysis of football matches has been revolutionized in recent decades with the advance of technology, making it possible to obtain increasingly effective performance metrics aimed at characterising and evaluating team performance. This Dissertation explores the integration of Geography, through Geographic Information Systems (GIS), with graph theory in order to map, analyse and compare the dynamics of passing networks between football players. The primary objective is to demonstrate the potential of this combination by analysing passing networks, applying network analysis and spatial analysis tools, and thus develop and implement a methodology that can demonstrate the fundamental role of Geography and GIS in the tactical analysis of a football match. A survey was carried out of the well-executed passes of two teams – Manchester City and Liverpool – in two games played by each of them. This data was used to analyse the networks, in particular by visualising the passing network, as well as the metrics of the teams and nodes (players) – degree, centrality and clustering. Spatial analysis was then carried out using three tools – kernel density, optimised hot spot and outlier analysis. The combination of the various analyses made it possible to investigate the importance of certain nodes in the dynamics and behaviour of each team’s network, as well as to identify different patterns of playing style, depending on the tactical ideas and inherent context of the teams they faced. In this way, the importance of Geography was made clear when it was applied to visualise and interpret the different networks and spatial dynamics that occur in the micro-geography that is the football pitch.
Description
Keywords
Micro-Geografia SIG e Análise Espacial Sistemas Complexos Métricas de Redes Dinâmica de Redes no Futebol