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A renovação da prova no processo penal
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A renovação da prova constitui uma das situações em que a Relação pode modificar a decisão do tribunal de primeira instância sobre a matéria de facto. Porém, tem tido uma aplicação residual pelos tribunais portugueses, o que parece estar ligado ao facto de serem frequentemente apontados como limitações aos poderes de reapreciação da matéria de facto pelas Relações a concepção do recurso como remédio jurídico – e não de um segundo julgamento-, o princípio da livre apreciação da prova e a ausência de imediação e oralidade nos tribunais de recurso. Procurou-se, por isso, demonstrar que nenhum destes princípios constitui obstáculo a que os tribunais de recurso efetuem um adequado e exigente escrutínio da decisão sobre a matéria de facto e procedam à renovação da prova. A renovação da prova não se confunde com um segundo julgamento, pois do que se trata é ainda a reapreciação da decisão recorrida, tendo a vantagem de possibilitar a repetição dos depoimentos perante os Tribunais de Recurso, garantindo a observância do princípio da imediação e oralidade, garantindo ao arguido um efetivo direito de defesa perante uma decisão que lhe pode ser desfavorável. Igualmente, o entendimento maioritário segundo o qual a prova só poder ser renovada se a decisão padecer de algum dos vícios do artigo 410.º, n.º 2 do CPP, e que as provas a renovar são as que constam do processo não sendo admitida a apresentação de novos factos ou meios de prova, nem que os tribunais de segunda instância possam conhecer das certidões de sentenças que deem como provados factos inconciliáveis com os factos que serviram de fundamento à condenação, parecem constituir um impedimento à aplicação do instituto, contrariando o sentido da jurisprudência do TEDH. Com efeito, as orientações do TEDH para dar cumprimento ao princípio da imediação e do contraditório ao nível do recurso, garantido o direito a um processo justo e equitativo, exigem uma mais ampla intervenção dos Tribunais da Relação no exame das provas pessoais relevantes para efeitos de condenação ou absolvição do arguido, o que pode ser alcançado através do instituto da renovação da prova.
Renewal of evidence is one of the situations in which the Court of Appeal can modify the decision of the court of first instance on matters of fact. This seems to be related to the fact that the concept of an appeal as a legal remedy and not as a second trial, the principle of free assessment of the evidence and the lack of immediacy and orality in appeal courts are often cited as limitations on the power of appellate courts to review matters of fact. The aim, therefore, was to show that neither of these principles prevents the Court of Appeal from carrying out an adequate and demanding review of the decision on the matter of fact. The renewal of evidence should not be confused with a second trial, it is still a matter of re-examining an appealed decision, with the advantage of allowing the testimony to be repeated before the Courts of Appeal, ensuring compliance with the principle of immediacy and orality, and guaranteeing the defendant an effective right of appeal against an unfavorable decision. Likewise, the majority considers that evidence may be renewed only if the decision suffers from one of the defects in Article 410, nº. 2 of the CCP, that the evidence to be renewed is that which is in the case file, and that no new evidence may be presented. Similarly, the fact that the evidence to be renewed is that contained in the case file, and that no new evidence may be submitted, nor may the courts of appeal may hear certificates of judgments proving facts incompatible with those on which the conviction was based, seems to constitute an obstacle to the application of the institution, contrary to the to the case law of the ECHR jurisprudence. The ECtHR's guidelines for compliance with the principle of immediacy in appeal require the Courts of Appeal to intervene more extensively in the examination of personal evidence relevant to the conviction or acquittal of the accused, which is achieved through the renewal of evidence.
Renewal of evidence is one of the situations in which the Court of Appeal can modify the decision of the court of first instance on matters of fact. This seems to be related to the fact that the concept of an appeal as a legal remedy and not as a second trial, the principle of free assessment of the evidence and the lack of immediacy and orality in appeal courts are often cited as limitations on the power of appellate courts to review matters of fact. The aim, therefore, was to show that neither of these principles prevents the Court of Appeal from carrying out an adequate and demanding review of the decision on the matter of fact. The renewal of evidence should not be confused with a second trial, it is still a matter of re-examining an appealed decision, with the advantage of allowing the testimony to be repeated before the Courts of Appeal, ensuring compliance with the principle of immediacy and orality, and guaranteeing the defendant an effective right of appeal against an unfavorable decision. Likewise, the majority considers that evidence may be renewed only if the decision suffers from one of the defects in Article 410, nº. 2 of the CCP, that the evidence to be renewed is that which is in the case file, and that no new evidence may be presented. Similarly, the fact that the evidence to be renewed is that contained in the case file, and that no new evidence may be submitted, nor may the courts of appeal may hear certificates of judgments proving facts incompatible with those on which the conviction was based, seems to constitute an obstacle to the application of the institution, contrary to the to the case law of the ECHR jurisprudence. The ECtHR's guidelines for compliance with the principle of immediacy in appeal require the Courts of Appeal to intervene more extensively in the examination of personal evidence relevant to the conviction or acquittal of the accused, which is achieved through the renewal of evidence.
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Palavras-chave
Direito ao recurso Recurso penal Matéria de facto Apreciação da prova Princípio da imediação Princípio do contraditório Teses de mestrado - 2025 Right to appeal Criminal procedure Issues of fact Renewal of evidence Priniciple of immediacy Adversarial principle