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Suplementos alimentares na imunidade contra doenças infecciosas
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A nutrição, enquanto fator modificável, constitui um determinante chave na manutenção da integridade e normal funcionamento do sistema imunitário. Assim sendo, a ingestão de uma quantidade adequada de nutrientes como parte de uma alimentação equilibrada é essencial para um estilo de vida saudável, principalmente em indivíduos mais vulneráveis (idosos, grávidas e lactentes). Algumas substâncias, como aminoácidos, ácidos gordos ómega-3, vitaminas (A, B1, B6, B12, C, D e E) e minerais (ferro, zinco e selénio), demonstraram um papel importante na modulação de diferentes mecanismos de defesa do organismo. Consequentemente, a sua deficiência tem sido relacionada com a desregulação tanto da imunidade inata quanto da adquirida, causando imunossupressão e aumentando a suscetibilidade a infeções, assim como a piores prognósticos. O estado nutricional do indivíduo pode também influenciar indiretamente a eficácia da resposta imunitária, através da criação e manutenção de uma microbiota intestinal saudável. Estes microrganismos, enquanto componentes da barreira intestinal, encontram-se fortemente associados e em constante comunicação com as células do tecido linfático subjacente, trabalhando sinergicamente para proteger o indivíduo de agentes invasores potencialmente nocivos. O desequilíbrio deste ecossistema tem vindo a ser associado a muitas doenças infecciosas, podendo a sua estabilidade ser recuperada por meio de abordagens dietéticas, como o consumo de probióticos. Quando aplicados em quantidade apropriada, estes produtos estabelecem uma relação simbiótica com a flora intestinal, permitindo a regulação positiva do sistema imunitário. Em circunstâncias normais, é possível obter todos os nutrientes indispensáveis à saúde do organismo através da alimentação. Contudo, considerando a magnitude do impacto da malnutrição na população a nível mundial, o recurso a uma suplementação adaptada às necessidades específicas do indivíduo poderá ser indispensável à correção de carências nutricionais e reforço da função imunológica. Desta forma, os suplementos alimentares poderão constituir uma estratégia subestimada, segura e eficaz na prevenção, tratamento e controlo de doenças infecciosas, incluindo as gastrointestinais e respiratórias. Serão analisadas as mais recentes descobertas científicas que apoiam esta hipótese.
Nutrition, as a modifiable factor, is a key determinant in maintaining the integrity and normal functioning of the immune system. Therefore, the intake of an adequate amount of nutrients as part of a balanced diet is essential for a healthy lifestyle, especially among most vulnerable individuals (elderly, pregnant women and infants). Some substances, such as amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins (A, B1, B6, B12, C, D and E) and minerals (iron, zinc and selenium), have shown an important role in modulating different defense mechanisms of the body. Consequently, its deficiency has been related to the disruption of both innate and acquired immunity, causing immunosuppression and increasing susceptibility to infections, as well as worse prognosis. The individual's nutritional status can also indirectly influence the effectiveness of the immune response, through the creation and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota. These microorganisms, as components of the intestinal barrier, are closely associated and in constant communication with the underlying lymphatic tissue cells, working synergistically to protect the individual from potentially harmful invading agents. The imbalance of this ecosystem has been associated with many infectious diseases, and its stability can be restored through dietary approaches, such as the consumption of probiotics. When applied in appropriate amounts, these products establish a symbiotic relationship with the intestinal flora, allowing the immune system to positively regulate. Under normal circumstances, it is possible to obtain all the essential nutrients for the body's health through food. However, considering the magnitude of the impact of malnutrition on the world's population, the use of supplementation adapted to the specific needs of the individual may be essential to correct nutritional deficiencies and strengthen immune function. In this way, food supplements may constitute an underestimated, safe and effective strategy in the prevention, treatment and control of infectious diseases, including gastrointestinal and respiratory ones. The latest scientific findings that support this hypothesis will be analyzed.
Nutrition, as a modifiable factor, is a key determinant in maintaining the integrity and normal functioning of the immune system. Therefore, the intake of an adequate amount of nutrients as part of a balanced diet is essential for a healthy lifestyle, especially among most vulnerable individuals (elderly, pregnant women and infants). Some substances, such as amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins (A, B1, B6, B12, C, D and E) and minerals (iron, zinc and selenium), have shown an important role in modulating different defense mechanisms of the body. Consequently, its deficiency has been related to the disruption of both innate and acquired immunity, causing immunosuppression and increasing susceptibility to infections, as well as worse prognosis. The individual's nutritional status can also indirectly influence the effectiveness of the immune response, through the creation and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota. These microorganisms, as components of the intestinal barrier, are closely associated and in constant communication with the underlying lymphatic tissue cells, working synergistically to protect the individual from potentially harmful invading agents. The imbalance of this ecosystem has been associated with many infectious diseases, and its stability can be restored through dietary approaches, such as the consumption of probiotics. When applied in appropriate amounts, these products establish a symbiotic relationship with the intestinal flora, allowing the immune system to positively regulate. Under normal circumstances, it is possible to obtain all the essential nutrients for the body's health through food. However, considering the magnitude of the impact of malnutrition on the world's population, the use of supplementation adapted to the specific needs of the individual may be essential to correct nutritional deficiencies and strengthen immune function. In this way, food supplements may constitute an underestimated, safe and effective strategy in the prevention, treatment and control of infectious diseases, including gastrointestinal and respiratory ones. The latest scientific findings that support this hypothesis will be analyzed.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2022, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Sistema imunitário Nutrientes Infeções Probióticos Suplementos alimentares Mestrado integrado - 2022