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Contributo para uma teoria geral da adequação formal judicial
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A crise dos sistemas judiciais parece não ter fim, caracterizada pela frustração das expectativas dos utentes dos serviços judiciais diante da inadequação, temporal e substancial, das tutelas estatais prestadas. Reformas se sucederam ao longo das últimas décadas, em Portugal e nas demais democracias ocidentais, na tentativa de incrementar a efetividade e cumprir a promessa constitucional de conferir pela via do processo, a cada cidadão, o seu direito, de modo integral e sem dilações indevidas. Estudos recentes acentuaram a necessidade de uma renovação profunda nos instrumentos processuais e, mais que isso, na forma de manejá-los. Se inalterada a secular tensão existente entre os valores supremos da jurisdição – segurança e efetividade – a obsolescência dos métodos antigos evidencia-se perante uma nova e irreversível realidade, na qual as demandas crescem em proporção exponencial e se tornam mais complexas dia a dia. O cenário desafiador implicou respostas diversas, mas com um núcleo comum, condizente em tendência global à simplificação, flexibilização e busca por eficiência dos procedimentos. Esta investigação tem por objetivo trazer um contributo teórico a respeito de um dos principais instrumentos voltados à construção desse novo procedimento – a adequação formal judicial. Procedimentos eficientes não podem existir se não se concedem, em suficiente medida, poderes de modelagem procedimental ao juiz. Tomou-se por ponto de partida o direito positivo português em sua evolução, em permanente diálogo crítico com outros ordenamentos. Principiou-se com uma breve excursão histórica na qual demonstrado o modo como os poderes diretivos do juiz em Portugal foram incrementados e redimensionados na disciplina dada pelos digestos processuais desde o século XIX. Em seguida a investigação tratou de categorias jurídicas essenciais para a compreensão da adequação formal, porquanto a conotação dada aos conceitos de processo, procedimento e formalismo processual determina em grande medida a admissão do poder do juiz de adequar o procedimento, bem como os limites à atuação judicial e sua forma de controle. Tratando-se de categoria jurídica relativamente nova, mostrou-se necessário um esforço maior de delimitação conceitual, motivo pelo qual estudou-se o princípio da adequação em suas diversas vertentes, evidenciando a distinção entre a adequação dirigida ao legislador e as possibilidades de conformação do procedimento pelo juiz, mediante autorização genérica ou específica da lei, ou em decorrência da atuação direta de princípio constitucional, bem como as possibilidades de conformação pelas partes, pela via do acordo entre elas, com ou sem anuência do juiz. Classificados os procedimentos de acordo com citadas possibilidades, voltou-se a investigação à adequação formal judicial e foram especificados os requisitos condicionantes, natureza dos poderes-deveres adequadores e mecanismos de controle. Investigou-se, ainda, as vinculações entre a adequação formal judicial e a gestão processual, considerada esta categoria jurídica como continente daquela. Argumentos contrários à concessão de mais poderes ao juiz usualmente fundam-se na possibilidade de violação de alguns princípios processuais e constitucionais, motivo pelo qual a adequação foi submetida à prova mediante cotejo com os princípios da legalidade, segurança jurídica, separação dos poderes e igualdade. Ao fim, restou acentuada a essencialidade da adequação formal judicial para a construção de um procedimento equitativo, dotado da flexibilidade necessária a conferir ao cidadão uma tutela adequada sem dilações indevidas.
It seems that today we live an endless crisis on many judicial systems, mainly due to the gap between what is expected by citizens and what judiciary branches are delivering. In recent decades Portugal and several other western democracies have reformed their judicial systems. The motto of all these reforms was the improvement of efficiency, especially to avoid undue delays on Court proceedings. However, recent studies have shown the need for deeper reforms on judicial proceeding, because of an old tension between two Court’s key values: effectiveness and dependability. As a new and irreversible reality turns old methods obsolete, we see an exponential growth in caseload, as well as more and more complex cases. This challenging scenario resulted in the adoption of diverse solutions, but all keeping a shared concern. This meant more flexible and simple procedures, in line with a global trend on the matter. This work brings a theoretical contribution on one of the main tools for building up those new procedures: Court’s case management powers. This stands as a requirement for efficient processes, i.e., judges should be allowed to adjust proceedings to fit each process. As a starting point, this work analyzed the Portuguese Law evolution, while also reviewed other legal systems. The work starts with a brief historical analysis, from which was possible to observe how Portuguese judges were gradually empowered and allowed to adapt proceedings to each case, in line with changes made in Process Codes, since the 19th Century. Next step was to analyze other legal concepts in order to understand the notion of “procedure formal adaptability”. As result, it became clear that the possibility of fitting proceedings to each case is strongly related to the nature of processes, proceedings and procedural formalism, as well as to the stablished limits to judges actions and the ways this is controlled. Since “procedure formal adaptability” is a relatively new legal concept, it was necessary to make an extra effort to establish some other related concepts, which required the study of “procedure formal adaptability” in its several veins. First, it is important to distinguish “procedure formal adaptability”, as a concept tailored for lawmakers, from the one performed by judges during specific cases. Second, one needs to consider different possible grounds from which that concept arises, such as some general or specific law command; as a direct interpretation of a constitutional principle; or even as a possible agreement between suitor and defendant, with or without Court interference. Once the mentioned procedures were classified, considering the range of different possibilities, the work turned to analyze the requirements for “procedure formal adaptability” to take place, as well as its control systems and the nature of judge’s case management powers. The links between “procedure formal adaptability” and the broader notion of case management were also analyzed, placing the former as subset of the later. Some opponents to granting judges more discretionary power claims that this will open doors to overindulgence, and therefore, to violation of constitutional and procedural principles. In order to overcome such risks, the concept of “procedure formal adaptability” was scrutinized under the lights of the principles of legality, legal certainty, separation of powers, and equality. As for concluding remarks, it became clear that “procedure formal adaptability” is an important tool for shaping the notion of a new, flexible and fair procedure, aiming to offer citizens a proper and timely effective justice.
It seems that today we live an endless crisis on many judicial systems, mainly due to the gap between what is expected by citizens and what judiciary branches are delivering. In recent decades Portugal and several other western democracies have reformed their judicial systems. The motto of all these reforms was the improvement of efficiency, especially to avoid undue delays on Court proceedings. However, recent studies have shown the need for deeper reforms on judicial proceeding, because of an old tension between two Court’s key values: effectiveness and dependability. As a new and irreversible reality turns old methods obsolete, we see an exponential growth in caseload, as well as more and more complex cases. This challenging scenario resulted in the adoption of diverse solutions, but all keeping a shared concern. This meant more flexible and simple procedures, in line with a global trend on the matter. This work brings a theoretical contribution on one of the main tools for building up those new procedures: Court’s case management powers. This stands as a requirement for efficient processes, i.e., judges should be allowed to adjust proceedings to fit each process. As a starting point, this work analyzed the Portuguese Law evolution, while also reviewed other legal systems. The work starts with a brief historical analysis, from which was possible to observe how Portuguese judges were gradually empowered and allowed to adapt proceedings to each case, in line with changes made in Process Codes, since the 19th Century. Next step was to analyze other legal concepts in order to understand the notion of “procedure formal adaptability”. As result, it became clear that the possibility of fitting proceedings to each case is strongly related to the nature of processes, proceedings and procedural formalism, as well as to the stablished limits to judges actions and the ways this is controlled. Since “procedure formal adaptability” is a relatively new legal concept, it was necessary to make an extra effort to establish some other related concepts, which required the study of “procedure formal adaptability” in its several veins. First, it is important to distinguish “procedure formal adaptability”, as a concept tailored for lawmakers, from the one performed by judges during specific cases. Second, one needs to consider different possible grounds from which that concept arises, such as some general or specific law command; as a direct interpretation of a constitutional principle; or even as a possible agreement between suitor and defendant, with or without Court interference. Once the mentioned procedures were classified, considering the range of different possibilities, the work turned to analyze the requirements for “procedure formal adaptability” to take place, as well as its control systems and the nature of judge’s case management powers. The links between “procedure formal adaptability” and the broader notion of case management were also analyzed, placing the former as subset of the later. Some opponents to granting judges more discretionary power claims that this will open doors to overindulgence, and therefore, to violation of constitutional and procedural principles. In order to overcome such risks, the concept of “procedure formal adaptability” was scrutinized under the lights of the principles of legality, legal certainty, separation of powers, and equality. As for concluding remarks, it became clear that “procedure formal adaptability” is an important tool for shaping the notion of a new, flexible and fair procedure, aiming to offer citizens a proper and timely effective justice.
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Processo civil Procedimento processual Duração do processo Teses de mestrado - 2017