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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Desde o segundo pós-guerra e a criação da Organização das Nações Unidas, a comunidade internacional tem procurado atuar de forma a garantir a manutenção da paz e segurança internacionais.
Contudo, nem sempre sucede nesta missão. Efetivamente, os anos noventa do século XX e o espoletar de conflitos violentos com consequências devastadoras para a população, demonstraram as falhas do sistema da ONU que, no novo milénio, procurará encontrar formas para garantir uma resposta eficiente perante violações de direitos humanos.
Deste modo, a Comissão Internacional sobre a Intervenção e Soberania do Estado (ICISS) elabora um relatório onde apresenta o conceito de responsabilidade de proteger. Esta doutrina defende que o Estado soberano, precisamente no exercício da sua soberania, tem a responsabilidade de proteger a sua população contra violações graves e sistemáticas de direitos humanos. Caso o Estado incumprir esta responsabilidade, a comunidade internacional, através da ONU, deverá atuar no sentido de auxiliar o Estado a proteger a sua população, sendo que, na circunstância de se verificar a inação do mesmo, deverão ser utilizadas medidas coercitivas para impedir a continuidade destes atos. Como medida de último recurso, a ICISS admite recorrer a ação militar para concretização de objetivos humanitários, desde que cumpridos certos pressupostos.
Esta doutrina é acolhida pelo sistema da ONU que tem procurado garantir a sua aplicação. A guerra civil na Líbia em 2011 representou a primeira vez que o Conselho de Segurança autorizou uma intervenção militar em nome da R2P.
Porém, objetivos implícitos desta operação, como a mudança de regime, afetarão a resolução de conflitos futuros, verificando-se uma crescente incapacidade por parte do Conselho de Segurança em garantir uma resposta adequada.
Assim, tem-se tornado evidente a necessidade de mudança no sistema da ONU, nomeadamente no que toca à utilização do direito de veto, sob pena de a R2P se tornar obsoleta.
Palavras-
Since the second post-war period and the creation of the United Nations, the international community has sought to act to ensure the maintenance of international peace and security. However, this mission does not always succeed. Indeed, the last decade of the 20th century and the outbreak of violent conflicts with devastating consequences for the population, revealed the flaws of the UN system which, in the new millennium, will seek ways to guarantee an efficient response to human rights violations. Therefore, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) lays down a report presenting the concept of responsibility to protect. This doctrine argues that the sovereign State, in exercising its sovereignty, has the responsibility to protect its population against serious and systematic human rights violations. If the State fails to fulfil this responsibility, the international community, through the UN, must act to assist the State in protecting its population, and, in the event of inaction, coercive measures must be used to prevent the progression of these acts. As a measure of last resort, the ICISS admits resorting to military action for humanitarian endeavours, if certain assumptions are met. This doctrine is accepted by the UN system, which has sought to guarantee its application. The civil war in Libya in 2011 represented the first time that the Security Council authorized military intervention in the name of R2P. However, the hidden purposes of this operation, such as regime change, will affect the resolution of future conflicts, resulting in a growing inability on the part of the Security Council to guarantee an adequate response. Thus, the need for change in the UN system has become evident, particularly regarding the use of the veto power or, otherwise, R2P will become obsolete.
Since the second post-war period and the creation of the United Nations, the international community has sought to act to ensure the maintenance of international peace and security. However, this mission does not always succeed. Indeed, the last decade of the 20th century and the outbreak of violent conflicts with devastating consequences for the population, revealed the flaws of the UN system which, in the new millennium, will seek ways to guarantee an efficient response to human rights violations. Therefore, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) lays down a report presenting the concept of responsibility to protect. This doctrine argues that the sovereign State, in exercising its sovereignty, has the responsibility to protect its population against serious and systematic human rights violations. If the State fails to fulfil this responsibility, the international community, through the UN, must act to assist the State in protecting its population, and, in the event of inaction, coercive measures must be used to prevent the progression of these acts. As a measure of last resort, the ICISS admits resorting to military action for humanitarian endeavours, if certain assumptions are met. This doctrine is accepted by the UN system, which has sought to guarantee its application. The civil war in Libya in 2011 represented the first time that the Security Council authorized military intervention in the name of R2P. However, the hidden purposes of this operation, such as regime change, will affect the resolution of future conflicts, resulting in a growing inability on the part of the Security Council to guarantee an adequate response. Thus, the need for change in the UN system has become evident, particularly regarding the use of the veto power or, otherwise, R2P will become obsolete.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
ONU Conflitos armados Direitos humanos Direito de veto Teses de mestrado - 2024 United Nations Armed conflicts Human rights Veto power
