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Estudar e viver numa academia militar : o papel do contrato psicológico e do coping social no bem-estar dos estudantes
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
O contexto do ensino superior militar, pressupõe a adaptação a uma cultura rígida,
pouco flexível e regida por elevados padrões de conduta. Neste sentido, vários estudos têm
permitido identificar o contexto militar como propício às experiências de stress e às
dificuldades de integração. Com o intuito de caracterizar os processos de adaptação dos
cadetes ao ensino superior militar, neste estudo, adoptou-se como paradigma de referência
o Modelo das Exigências e dos Recursos (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, Schaufeli,
2001). As opções tomadas foram: as Exigências operacionalizadas como stressores
percebidos; os recursos operacionalizados do ponto de vista social como contrato
psicológico e do ponto de vista individual como coping social; e o bem-estar
operacionalizado como bumout.
De acordo com o Modelo das Exigências e dos Recursos adoptado e com as opções
de operacionalização tomadas, foi formulado um conjunto de hipóteses, segundo as quais se
espera: que os Stressores estejam relacionados positivamente com a Exaustão Emocional e
com o Cinismo sentido pelos cadetes de ambas as Academias Militares; que os Recursos
estejam relacionados negativamente com o Cinismo e com a Exaustão Emocional; que o
efeito dos Stressores sobre a Exaustão Emocional sentida, seja moderada pelos Recursos de
que estes dispõe; e ainda que o efeito dos Recursos sobre o Cinismo sentido pelos cadetes,
seja moderado pelos Stressores.
A amostra é constituída por 204 alunos, 71 da Academia da Força Aérea e 133 da
Academia Militar do Exército. Ao nível metodológico foram aplicados questionários de
auto-relato com os seguintes instrumentos: "Questionário de Avaliação da Frequência das Fontes de Stress nos Cadetes-Alunos do 1º Ano da Academia Militar" (Martins, A.C.G.,
2005); o "Inventário de Contrato Psicológico" (Rousseau, D.M., 2000); a "SACS", Escala
de Abordagem Estratégica do Coping (Dunahoo e al., 1998; Hobfoll, 1994) e o MBI -
Students Survey (Schaufeli, 2002).
Foi possível constatar que as Exigências (Relações exteriores e a Sobrecarga)
predizem significativamente os níveis de exaustão dos cadetes, mas não têm efeito sobre o
cinismo; e que os alunos com mais recursos sociais (Contrato Relacional) têm níveis de
cinismo menos acentuados, mas sentem-se igualmente exaustos. O Contrato Relacional
modera a relação entre as Relações exteriores e a exaustão; e a estratégia de coping Junção
social atenua o impacto da Sobrecarga sobre a exaustão. No entanto, os recursos individuais
de coping não predizem o cinismo nem contribuem para a diminuição do mesmo.
Os resultados deste estudo exploratório contribuíram largamente para o objectivo de
natureza exploratória desta tese: conhecer melhor os processos de adaptação dos estudantes
da Academia da Força Aérea e da Academia Militar do Exército.
The context surrounding military higher education assumes the fitting in to a rigid, inflexible culture, governed by conduct standards. In this sense, several studies have allowed the identification of the military context as enabling for stress-like experiences and fitting in difficulties. In the effort to characterise the adjustment of cadets to military higher education in this study, the reference paradigm adopted was the Demand and Resource Model (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, Schaufeli, 2001). The options chosen were operational Demands such as perceived stress factors, operational resources from a social standpoint as a psychological contract and from an individual standpoint as social coping, and the operational wellbeing as burnout. According to the adopted Demand and Resource Model and given the chosen operational options, several hypothesis were formulated, according to which it is hoped to prove a positive correlation between the Stress factors and Emotional Exhaustion as well as Cynicism felt by the cadets in both Military Academies, that the Resources are negatively correlated with Cynicism and Emotional Exhaustion, that the effect of the Stress factors over Emotional Exhaustion is moderated by the available Resources, and that the effect of the Resources over Cynicism felt by the cadets is moderated by the Stress factors. The sample is composed by 204 students, 71 of which from the Air Force Academy and 133 from the Army Military Academy. The methodology applied were self portrait questionnaires with the following instruments: “Evaluation questionnaire on the Frequency of Stress Sources in 1sl year Military Academy Student-Cadets” (Martins, A.C.G., 2005); “Psychological Contract Inventory” (Rousseau, D.M., 2000); "SACS", Strategic Approach Coping Scale (Dunahoo e al., 1998; Hobfoll, 1994) and MBI - Students Survey (Maslach, 1996). It was possible to find that Demands (External Relationships and Overload) significantly predict Exhaustion levels in cadets, but have no effect on Cynicism, students with most Social resources (Relational Contract) have less accentuated Cynicism levels although they feel equally Exhausted. The Relational Contract moderates the relationship between External Relations and Exhaustion, and the Social coping strategy lessens overload impact over exhaustion. However, individual Coping resources do not predict Cynicism nor do they contribute to lowering it. The results shown in this exploratory study have largely contributed to the exploratory nature o f this thesis: to better understand the adjustment of students at the Air Force Academy and the Army Military Academy.
The context surrounding military higher education assumes the fitting in to a rigid, inflexible culture, governed by conduct standards. In this sense, several studies have allowed the identification of the military context as enabling for stress-like experiences and fitting in difficulties. In the effort to characterise the adjustment of cadets to military higher education in this study, the reference paradigm adopted was the Demand and Resource Model (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, Schaufeli, 2001). The options chosen were operational Demands such as perceived stress factors, operational resources from a social standpoint as a psychological contract and from an individual standpoint as social coping, and the operational wellbeing as burnout. According to the adopted Demand and Resource Model and given the chosen operational options, several hypothesis were formulated, according to which it is hoped to prove a positive correlation between the Stress factors and Emotional Exhaustion as well as Cynicism felt by the cadets in both Military Academies, that the Resources are negatively correlated with Cynicism and Emotional Exhaustion, that the effect of the Stress factors over Emotional Exhaustion is moderated by the available Resources, and that the effect of the Resources over Cynicism felt by the cadets is moderated by the Stress factors. The sample is composed by 204 students, 71 of which from the Air Force Academy and 133 from the Army Military Academy. The methodology applied were self portrait questionnaires with the following instruments: “Evaluation questionnaire on the Frequency of Stress Sources in 1sl year Military Academy Student-Cadets” (Martins, A.C.G., 2005); “Psychological Contract Inventory” (Rousseau, D.M., 2000); "SACS", Strategic Approach Coping Scale (Dunahoo e al., 1998; Hobfoll, 1994) and MBI - Students Survey (Maslach, 1996). It was possible to find that Demands (External Relationships and Overload) significantly predict Exhaustion levels in cadets, but have no effect on Cynicism, students with most Social resources (Relational Contract) have less accentuated Cynicism levels although they feel equally Exhausted. The Relational Contract moderates the relationship between External Relations and Exhaustion, and the Social coping strategy lessens overload impact over exhaustion. However, individual Coping resources do not predict Cynicism nor do they contribute to lowering it. The results shown in this exploratory study have largely contributed to the exploratory nature o f this thesis: to better understand the adjustment of students at the Air Force Academy and the Army Military Academy.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado em Psicologia (Área de especialização em Stress e Bem-Estar), apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, 2007
Palavras-chave
Teses de mestrado - 2007 Stress (Psicologia) Bem-estar psicológico Contrato psicológico Ensino superior militar