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Biodiversity within the European Green Deal - Impact, Enforcement, Inconsistencies, and Gaps in actions per legal instruments and sectors
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Resumo(s)
The European Green Deal (EGD) consists of various political instruments targeting different sectors.
Throughout this thesis, the described planned actions’ biodiversity impacts, enforcement, effect, and
relevance were researched, and inconsistencies toward the EGD biodiversity objective, and gaps
towards the post-2020 global biodiversity framework targets were identified to inform member states'
strategies to protect biodiversity while implementing the EGD. As part of the analysis, the actions’
impact on biodiversity, the level of enforcement, as well as the average biodiversity impact, average
enforcement, and effect (formula) were categorized by EGD legal instrument and by sector. The
inconsistencies (negative impact actions) were described by presenting the percentage of actions with a
negative impact on biodiversity by legal instrument and by sector. The gaps were described by the
frequency of negative impact actions and the frequency of actions contributing to each post-2020 global
biodiversity framework targets per legal instrument and sector.
752 actions from 20 political instruments of the EGD were analyzed. Legal instruments with higher
average biodiversity impact were Nature Restauration Law (2.93), the Action Plan to conservate
Fisheries Resources and protect Marine Ecosystems (2.44), the Biodiversity Strategy (2.04), the Forestry
Strategy (2.00), and the Common Agriculture Reform (CAP) Strategic Plans (2.00). Instruments with
negative impact were the Offshore Renewable Energy Strategy (-0.31) and the Hydrogen Strategy (-
0.05). The Energy and Transport sectors contain inconsistencies with the biodiversity objective
(negative impact actions) but contribute to the EGD’s energy and transport objective. EGD actions
contribute to all post-2020 global biodiversity framework targets. However, biodiversity target D only
receive a limited contribution and major gaps remain for its achievement.
The legal instruments’ description of biodiversity impact can support decision-makers to identify
implementation risks and opportunities of EGD legal instruments for biodiversity protection. Actions
with higher positive impact and low enforcement should be considered opportunities, including Action
Plan to conserve Fisheries Resources and protect Marine Ecosystems, Climate Pact, Biodiversity
Strategy, Forestry Strategy, and CAP Strategic Plans, that have the potential to enhance biodiversity
conservation by active steering their implementation. Inconsistencies indicate the conflicting nature of
the biodiversity, energy and transport objective of the EGD and call for harmonization through decisionmakers. Negative biodiversity impact actions require an approach for impact avoidance and for
identification and mitigation of non-avoidable impacts. The gaps to achieve the global biodiversity
target D should raise awareness for the need of additional instruments in addition to the EGD to achieve
the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Ecologia e Gestão Ambiental , 2023, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências
Palavras-chave
Conservação da Biodiversidade Política Europeia Green Deal Impacto na Biodiversidade Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework Teses de mestrado - 2023