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Equivocal Connections: Fonseca Cardoso and the Origins of Portuguese Colonial Anthropology
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This article is about the equivoques of anthropology’s colonial encounter as well as the story
of intellectual artefacts. [1] It addresses an old debate on the genealogy of anthropological
knowledge, at the core of which is a shared assumption: anthropologists and historians today
perceive the history of anthropology as intertwined with colonial history. Few, if any,
anthropologists or historians would disagree that the anthropology of non-Western peoples
is genealogically embedded in imperial expansion or colonial contexts, and that we can
hardly imagine colonial power without some sort of anthropological knowledge as bedside
company. It is also true that this assumption has not been at all devoid of strong moral
convictions about the evil nature of colonialism and its friendly anthropologies, a moral
impetus particularly evident in earlier approaches to the subject in the 1960s and ’70s. Since
that time, though, with the exception of Talal Asad’s seminal assessment in 1973, historians
have given it little systematic attention as a subject in its own right. [2] As George Stocking
noted in 1991, the ‘assumption that anthropology was linked to Western colonialism’ seems to
have survived in the professional culture of anthropologists more in the form of a
‘commonplace of disciplinary discourse’ than as a ‘serious interest in the history of
anthropology in colonial context’. [3] Although the Portuguese case has been entirely left out
of this picture by English literature, Stocking’s remarks apply to the Portuguese anthropological discourse since the 1970s. Having its professional identity closely associated
with political opposition to the authoritarian Estado Novo regime, Portuguese social
anthropology, born into institutional autonomy out of the April Revolution in 1974, has been
eager to accuse earlier generations of (physical) anthropologists of racial prejudice and
complicity with the imperial state. Very few have undertaken a serious and critical historical
approach to such a pervasive disciplinary assumption.
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Citação
Roque, R. (2022). Equivocal Connections: Fonseca Cardoso and the Origins of Portuguese Colonial Anthropology. In Bérose - Encyclopédie internationale des histoires de l'anthropologie, article2534. Paris: UMR9022 Héritages
Editora
UMR9022 Héritages (CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS, Ministère de la culture)/DIRI, Direction générale des patrimoines et de l'architecture du Ministère de la culture