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Resumo(s)
Este estudo comparativo versa sobre os sistemas de avaliação dos alunos em Portugal,
Espanha, França e Itália. Através da análise de dados relativos ao sistema educativo na
sua globalidade, à avaliação interna, à avaliação externa, aos sistemas de progressão e
aos sistemas de certificação, conclui-se que existem similitudes entre os diferentes
países. Entre elas, destaca-se a primazia da modalidade formativa na avaliação interna
que coexiste com a modalidade sumativa. A primeira tem sobretudo efeitos na melhoria
da aprendizagem dos alunos, enquanto que a segunda influi na decisão sobre a
progressão e/ou retenção dos alunos e na certificação dos conhecimentos e
competências adquiridos. Esta coexistência das modalidades formativa e sumativa pode
criar algumas dificuldades, visto que as notas continuam a ter um peso social e
académico bastante forte. Por outro lado, conclui-se que os professores são os principais
intervenientes na avaliação interna. Por sua vez, a avaliação externa visa a selecção e,
embora não isoladamente, a certificação. Esta ocorre no final da escolaridade
obrigatória e/ou no final do ensino secundário, incidindo em determinadas disciplinas
consideradas relevantes em dada formação. Para além disso, a avaliação externa ocorre
na vertente de diagnóstico, funcionando como instrumento de relevo para a melhoria do
sistema educativo em termos globais. Reveste-se de grande complexidade organizativa,
sendo a administração central o principal elemento decisor. Os sistemas de progressão,
em conjunto com a organização do ensino por ciclos de aprendizagem, tendem para a
procura de medidas de remediação ao invés da aplicação de medidas como a retenção.
Os sistemas de certificação, apesar de incluírem uma percentagem de avaliação externa,
baseiam-se maioritariamente na avaliação interna e são da responsabilidade sobretudo
dos docentes. Assim, podemos afirmar que, embora não exista um modelo de sistemas
de avaliação das aprendizagens comum aos 4 países em estudo, estes orientam-se por
princípios bastante semelhantes.
This comparative study is about the systems of student's assessment in Portugal, Spain, France and Italy. Beyond the analysis of data about the educational systems, internal assessment, external assessment, progression systems and certification systems, we conclude that there are a lot of similitudes among the systems of the four countries. Namely, the supremacy of formative assessment that coexists with summative assessment. The first one is mainly efficient on making learning better and the second one influences the decision of progression or not of students and the certification of student's knowledge and performances. The fact of having at the same time formative and summative assessment can create some problems because the grades are still important for society and school community. On the other hand, we conclude that teachers are the most important intervenient in internal assessment. Differently, external assessment is used mainly to select. It happens at the end of compulsive school and/or at the end of upper-secondary school and exams are about subjects viewed as the most important for each education path. External assessment is also used for diagnostic and become an important instrument to create a better educational system. Exams need a complex organisation in which the central administration is the main decisor. We can observe an evolution in progression systems. School is organised by cycles of instruction and school search to remedy instead of holding back students. Certification is the result of internal and external assessment but the first one has more importance. So teachers are the great responsible for certifying students. To conclude, we can say that there isn't a model used for assessment of students in the 4 countries. But Portugal, Spain, France and Italy follow the same ideal.
This comparative study is about the systems of student's assessment in Portugal, Spain, France and Italy. Beyond the analysis of data about the educational systems, internal assessment, external assessment, progression systems and certification systems, we conclude that there are a lot of similitudes among the systems of the four countries. Namely, the supremacy of formative assessment that coexists with summative assessment. The first one is mainly efficient on making learning better and the second one influences the decision of progression or not of students and the certification of student's knowledge and performances. The fact of having at the same time formative and summative assessment can create some problems because the grades are still important for society and school community. On the other hand, we conclude that teachers are the most important intervenient in internal assessment. Differently, external assessment is used mainly to select. It happens at the end of compulsive school and/or at the end of upper-secondary school and exams are about subjects viewed as the most important for each education path. External assessment is also used for diagnostic and become an important instrument to create a better educational system. Exams need a complex organisation in which the central administration is the main decisor. We can observe an evolution in progression systems. School is organised by cycles of instruction and school search to remedy instead of holding back students. Certification is the result of internal and external assessment but the first one has more importance. So teachers are the great responsible for certifying students. To conclude, we can say that there isn't a model used for assessment of students in the 4 countries. But Portugal, Spain, France and Italy follow the same ideal.
Descrição
Tese de Mestrado em Ciências da Educação (Área de Especialização em Avaliação em Educação), apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências de Educação, 2006
Palavras-chave
Teses de mestrado - 2006 Avaliação externa Avaliação interna Avaliação da aprendizagem Certificação
