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Social participation in scientific research from the margins : Case study of 2.º Torrão, Almada
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O que significa situar a investigação científica nas margens sociais? Do ponto de vista do 2.º Torrão, o último bairro precário da zona urbana de Lisboa junto à margem do Estuário do Tejo, em Almada, questionamos conjuntamente com cientistas o significado de uma participação social na investigação científica situada. Usamos nesta investigação uma abordagem de filosofia de campo, ancorando a investigação em filosofia neste território de uma forma empírica, pelo uso de etnografia de campo e entrevistas. Desta forma, desenvolvemos um posicionamento intersubjectivo único para com esta comunidade, reflexivo das vivências e visões de mundo dos habitantes deste lugar. Nas margens da sociedade, como periferia à capital Portuguesa, o 2.º Torrão tem 80 anos de história que se define em estórias de refúgio e procura de abrigo. Os seus primeiros moradores foram pescadores e bairristas de bairros históricos de Lisboa. Os últimos foram se estabelecendo neste lugar durante o Verão para aproveitar a época balnear, como fazia o resto da população da zona urbana de Lisboa. A partir das primeiras tendas, moradores começaram a contruir casas precárias para ficar neste lugar durante todo o ano. Depois de 1974, estas estruturas seriam mais consolidadas e a comunidade do bairro receberia Africanos e Afrodescendentes dos países lusófonos ao longo do fim do século vinte. Contemporaneamente, vivem no 2.º Torrão entre 2’000 a 3’000 pessoas. A partir do posicionamento no bairro do 2.º Torrão e, pela metodologia de ‘filosofia de campo’ posta em prática, abordamos cientistas que, durante um período de dez anos, usaram a comunidade do 2.º Torrão como informantes ou participantes nas suas investigações. Nesta dissertação, vemos com mais detalhe como alguns arquitectos usaram referências da sua disciplina, como etnografia ou democracia directa, para criar abordagens experimentais. Também, vimos como cientistas que usaram um regime de co-criação de ciência cidadã com um grande impacto na vida da comunidade. As considerações de Foucault sobre espaço e poder são fundamentais para entender os desafios que o posicionamento da ciência nas margens acarreta. Quando os cientistas encontram informantes ou participantes no bairro, o seu poder disciplinar desempenha um papel, na medida que existe essa tendência de considerar o conhecimento de base local como conhecimento subjugado. Uma questão de poder se impõe.
What does it mean to situate scientific research at the social margins? From the standpoint of 2. ° Torrão, the last precarious settlement in the urban area of Lisbon by the shore of the Tagus’ Estuary, our inquiry is done together with scientists to question the meaning of situated social participation in scientific research. Through field philosophy, we have grounded the philosophical research at the margins, crossing feminist epistemology and political philosophy. Foucault’s considerations on space and power are fundamental to understand the challenges that positioning science on the margins entails. As scientists find in the neighbourhood informants or participants, their disciplinary power plays a role and scientists have to position themselves towards the sovereign of the city and their tactics of control and discipline. Scientists that arrive through an ethical allure are aware of the tactics of the power holders. Scientists that come through an aesthetic allure are caught by the organic forms and surrounding nature. Architects are cherished by delivering interventions in the public and private space and position themselves as cartographers of possible worlds or experiment upon routes of emancipation. We find that positioning science is a collective political issue, distinguishing between disagreement-driven communities and their uncertain routes and consensus-driven communities that want to organize common goals. Towards a cosmopolitical agreement between world-views, we define epistemic roles, attentive to the subjugated knowledges. And as science wants to be at the margins to face wicked political issues, we find paradoxes in its idealized position. As we follow a co-created citizen science project in the neighbourhood, we find how the produced knowledge is taken by the sovereign power as a counter-expertise. By its turn, the city uses science as part of its commandment through its mechanisms of control, stripping the marginals from their rights, subjectivities and political agency.
What does it mean to situate scientific research at the social margins? From the standpoint of 2. ° Torrão, the last precarious settlement in the urban area of Lisbon by the shore of the Tagus’ Estuary, our inquiry is done together with scientists to question the meaning of situated social participation in scientific research. Through field philosophy, we have grounded the philosophical research at the margins, crossing feminist epistemology and political philosophy. Foucault’s considerations on space and power are fundamental to understand the challenges that positioning science on the margins entails. As scientists find in the neighbourhood informants or participants, their disciplinary power plays a role and scientists have to position themselves towards the sovereign of the city and their tactics of control and discipline. Scientists that arrive through an ethical allure are aware of the tactics of the power holders. Scientists that come through an aesthetic allure are caught by the organic forms and surrounding nature. Architects are cherished by delivering interventions in the public and private space and position themselves as cartographers of possible worlds or experiment upon routes of emancipation. We find that positioning science is a collective political issue, distinguishing between disagreement-driven communities and their uncertain routes and consensus-driven communities that want to organize common goals. Towards a cosmopolitical agreement between world-views, we define epistemic roles, attentive to the subjugated knowledges. And as science wants to be at the margins to face wicked political issues, we find paradoxes in its idealized position. As we follow a co-created citizen science project in the neighbourhood, we find how the produced knowledge is taken by the sovereign power as a counter-expertise. By its turn, the city uses science as part of its commandment through its mechanisms of control, stripping the marginals from their rights, subjectivities and political agency.
Descrição
Tese de doutoramento em Filosofia da Ciência (Filosofia da Ciência, Tecnologia, Arte e Sociedade), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2025.
Palavras-chave
Social Participation Situated Science Citizen Science 2.º Torrão Field Philosophy Participação Social Ciência Situada Ciência Cidadã 2.º Torrão Filosofia de Campo