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A responsabilidade civil do médico por falta de consentimento informado
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Com o surgimento da figura do consentimento informado, derivado do progressivo desenvolvimento da medicina e ainda do reconhecimento da dignidade da pessoa humana e de outros direitos fundamentais, houve a necessidade de estabelecer certos requisitos para que fosse possível avaliar se o consentimento prestado pelo paciente ao profissional de saúde teria sido devidamente esclarecido e, assim, fosse o mesmo considerado válido.
Por outro lado, o médico está obrigado a cumprir com inúmeros deveres, designadamente o de agir sempre segundo a legis artis, o de respeitar, tratar e guardar sigilo. Além destes deveres, também o médico terá de confirmar se o consentimento que foi prestado foi devidamente esclarecido. Esta é a pedra basilar para que seja construída uma relação de confiança médico- paciente.
Assim, para que se obtenha um consentimento válido, é necessário que o paciente seja autónomo, livre e que esteja nas suas plenas capacidades. De todo o modo, deverão ainda ser preenchidos outros requisitos, são eles: a capacidade daquele que presta o consentimento, o indispensável esclarecimento sobre o diagnóstico, vantagens e desvantagens do tratamento/intervenção e ainda, as possíveis consequências e alternativas que possam existir. O consentimento tem ainda de ser revogável a todo o tempo.
Sendo a capacidade um dos requisitos do consentimento, é imperativo que o titular dos bens jurídicos seja idóneo para autorizar ou recusar lesões na sua integridade física e psíquica, isto é, que seja capaz de fazer um juízo sobre o seu estado de saúde.
De tal modo que é necessário proteger aqueles que não têm essa capacidade, nomeadamente os menores e os maiores acompanhados que, embora tenham o direito a receber informação, o consentimento é obtido, em princípio, através do seu representante legal.
São exceções ao consentimento informado, o privilégio terapêutico, a eventual existência de riscos para a saúde pública, e ainda a possibilidade de o paciente não conseguir prestar uma autorização válida, o que normalmente ocorre em situações de urgência.
Por fim, vem sendo cada vez mais recorrente a responsabilização do médico derivada da evolução da sociedade que se tornou mais consciente e informada quanto aos seus direitos. A responsabilidade civil do médico centra-se na violação da obrigação do médico em utilizar os melhores meios que tem ao seu dispor no diagnóstico e no tratamento do paciente, violação esta que poderá causar um dano e esse dano terá de ser reparado.
São ainda pressupostos da responsabilidade civil do médico, o facto, a ilicitude, a culpa, o ónus da prova, o dano e o nexo de causalidade.
With the appearance of the motion of informed consent resulting from the continuous development in medicine as well as the recognition of human dignity and other fundamental rights, there was a need to establish certain requirements so as to evaluate whether the consent given by patients to their professional healthcare had been previously- well- explained and whether it was considered valid. On the other hand, the doctor is obliged to comply with several duties, such as that of always acting according to the legis artis, that is, to respect, treat and keeps medical-patient confidentiality. Apart from these duties, the doctor must also confirm that the consent given was thoroughly explained beforehand. This is basis on which patient- doctor trust relies. Thus, to obtain valid consent, the patient must be autonomous, of free- well in a healthy state of mind. Other requirements will also need to be fulfilled and they are as follows: the ability of the consent giver; the indispensable and disadvantages of the treatment/intervention and still, the possible consequences as well as alternatives available. The consent can be revoked at anytime. Since capacity is one of the requirements to give consent, it is imperative that the holder of legal assets be competent so as to authorize or deny any damage done to his physical and psychological integrity; that is, to be able to evaluate the condition his health is in. It is therefore, necessary to protect those who do not have such capacity- namely, minors, or adults who need assistance and who, though the have the right to be informed, rely on a legal representative to give consent. Exceptions to informed consent can occur with therapeutical privileges with and eventual risk to public health and with the patient not being able to give a valid authorization, which normally occurs in situations of emergency. Lastly, the responsibility placed on the physician has been continuously growing due to the evolution of a society that is becoming more conscious and well- informed of its rights. The doctor´s civil responsibility is centered around the violation of his/her patient. Such violation can cause damage and this damage will need repairing. The doctor´s civil responsibility also include fact, unlawfulness, guilt, the burden of proof, the damage and the nexus of cause.
With the appearance of the motion of informed consent resulting from the continuous development in medicine as well as the recognition of human dignity and other fundamental rights, there was a need to establish certain requirements so as to evaluate whether the consent given by patients to their professional healthcare had been previously- well- explained and whether it was considered valid. On the other hand, the doctor is obliged to comply with several duties, such as that of always acting according to the legis artis, that is, to respect, treat and keeps medical-patient confidentiality. Apart from these duties, the doctor must also confirm that the consent given was thoroughly explained beforehand. This is basis on which patient- doctor trust relies. Thus, to obtain valid consent, the patient must be autonomous, of free- well in a healthy state of mind. Other requirements will also need to be fulfilled and they are as follows: the ability of the consent giver; the indispensable and disadvantages of the treatment/intervention and still, the possible consequences as well as alternatives available. The consent can be revoked at anytime. Since capacity is one of the requirements to give consent, it is imperative that the holder of legal assets be competent so as to authorize or deny any damage done to his physical and psychological integrity; that is, to be able to evaluate the condition his health is in. It is therefore, necessary to protect those who do not have such capacity- namely, minors, or adults who need assistance and who, though the have the right to be informed, rely on a legal representative to give consent. Exceptions to informed consent can occur with therapeutical privileges with and eventual risk to public health and with the patient not being able to give a valid authorization, which normally occurs in situations of emergency. Lastly, the responsibility placed on the physician has been continuously growing due to the evolution of a society that is becoming more conscious and well- informed of its rights. The doctor´s civil responsibility is centered around the violation of his/her patient. Such violation can cause damage and this damage will need repairing. The doctor´s civil responsibility also include fact, unlawfulness, guilt, the burden of proof, the damage and the nexus of cause.
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Direito civil Responsabilidade civil médica Consentimento informado Direito à informação Pacientes Teses de mestrado - 2022