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Democracia, direitos fundamentais, paradigmas : justiça segurança e liberdade
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Na passagem das cidades gregas, do império romano, nas quais predominou o modelo da Democracia Direta desenvolvida em Atenas, do período medieval, este caracterizado pela fragmentação do poder e do direito entre a nobreza e grupos estamentais, marca-se o surgimento do Estado Absoluto, primeira manifestação do Estado Moderno. Do Estado absoluto, as lutas sociais caminharam para o Estado de Direito, também chamado Império da lei. O princípio da legalidade representa uma das primeiras manifestações do limite do atuar do Estado, no qual prevalecem as liberdades negativas. Posteriormente caminha-se para o Estado Democrático de Direito e sucessivamente para o Estado de Direito Democrático Social, que chama a si a tarefa de promover a socialidade e distribuir o bem comum. Evoluiu-se do princípio da legalidade ao princípio da igualdade real e dignidade da pessoa humana. A identificação da importância do respeito à Constituição e a associação do constitucionalismo com as ideias sobre democracia viabilizaram o Estado de Direito Democrático Social. Nessa ordem de ideias o mundo ocidental conseguiu superar o jusnaturalismo, o positivismo jurídico, chegando ao neoconstitucionalismo, no qual os princípios passam a ser tratados como direitos, superando-se o vazio até então existente entre o direito, a moral, a filosofia e outros campos do saber, protagonizado pelo positivismo jurídico. Os princípios da igualdade real e da dignidade da pessoa humana alcançam um grande status no Estado Social e Democrático de Direito, declarando que todos os cidadãos são sujeitos de direitos iguais, devendo ser respeitados em sua dignidade humana. O homem evolui da noção de direitos e liberdades individuais para uma abrangência maior que vem a ser os direitos sociais, econômicos e culturais, chegando na atualidade a expandir para os direitos difusos, que vão além da individualidade do ser humano, atingindo grupamentos e espécies. Os direitos fundamentais adquirem a característica da universalidade. A ordenação dos direitos fundamentais na esfera pública e privada, determinando sua aplicação e respeito tanto na relação entre o cidadão e o Estado, bem como entre os particulares entre si e com relação às pessoas físicas e jurídicas, principalmente as grandes empresas internacionais, é uma conquista diária no mundo moderno. A democracia representativa, na maior parte do mundo ocidental, está em crise. O cidadão já não se vê mais representado pelo parlamento. O Estado Social democrático de direito não aceita o aparelhamento da estrutura do Estado de forma fechada, opaca, atendendo a interesses de grupos e partidos políticos. A desburocratização das esferas pública e privada, tornando-as mais transparentes e eficientes, deve ser o norte do Estado Democrático, que para tal necessita de uma sociedade democrática. A transparência, o interesse público, a estruturação dos serviços públicos com base na meritocracia evitam a cartelização da estrutura pública, em que o segredo não existe e o sigilo de documentos públicos é a exceção. A educação cidadã bem como a participação popular precisam ser ativadas constantemente, de forma a permitirem que o cidadão ativo em sua cidadania seja ouvido pelo Estado. Buscam-se espaços públicos para se desenvolverem práticas democráticas, tais como a participação da sociedade civil nas políticas públicas, o controle do cidadão no que tange à moralidade dos atos, as Audiências e consultas públicas, os Conselhos Tutelares, os orçamentos participativos, conselhos de políticas públicas, os observatórios sociais, as Ouvidorias, os Conselhos de Usuários para acompanharem e avaliarem a prestação dos serviços públicos,1 mecanismos existentes nas Constituições contemporâneas, que atuam como meios de junção do cidadão com o poder público. A utilização de tais mecanismos permite a oxigenação da democracia representativa, aproximando o povo do processo de tomada de decisões. O controle social e a participação popular, não só na administração pública como também na vida política, são exigências do mundo contemporâneo, no qual há o reconhecimento dos direitos fundamentais do homem nas Constituições, em decorrência do processo histórico de constitucionalização do Estado.
In the passage from the Greek cities of the Roman Empire, in which the Direct Democracy model developed in Athens from the medieval period, characterized by the fragmentation of power and law between the nobility and the estamental groups, is marked by the emergence of the Absolute State, which is the first manifestation of the Modern State. From the absolute state, the social struggles moved towards the rule of law, also called the rule of law. The principle of legality represents one of the first manifestations of the limit of State action, in which negative freedoms prevail. Later, it moves to the Democratic State of Law and successively to the State of Social Democratic Law, which calls upon itself the task of promoting sociality and distributing the common good. It evolves from the principle of legality to the principle of real equality and dignity of the human person. The identification of the importance of respect for the Constitution and the association of constitutionalism with ideas about democracy, made possible the State of Right Social Democratic. In this order of ideas, the Western world has been able to overcome jusnaturalism, juridical positivism, reaching neo-constitutionalism, in which the principles are treated as rights, overcoming the void that existed until then between law, morality, philosophy and other fields of knowledge, carried out by legal positivism. The principles of real equality and the dignity of the human person, achieve a high status in the Social and Democratic State of Law, stating that all citizens are equal subjects and must be respected in their human dignity. Man evolves from the notion of individual rights and freedoms to a broader scope that comes to be the social, economic and cultural rights, reaching nowadays to expand to the diffuse rights, that go beyond the individuality of the human being, attempting to reach groups and species. The fundamental rights acquire the characteristic of universality the ordering of fundamental rights in the public and private spheres, determining their application and respect both in the relationship between the citizen and the State, as well as between individuals among themselves and regarding natural and juridical persons, mainly large international companies, is a daily achievement in the modern world. The representative democracy, in most of the Western world, is in crisis. Citizens are no longer represented by parliament. The democratic Social State of law does not accept the rigidity of the structure of the State in a closed, opaque form, considering the interests of political groups and parties. The de-bureaucratization of the public and private spheres, making them more transparent and efficient, must be the north of the Democratic State, which requires a democratic society. Transparency, public interest, the structuring of public services based on meritocracy, avoids the cartelization of the public structure, where secrecy does not exist, and the secrecy of public documents is the exception. Citizen education, as well as popular participation, must be constantly activated in order to allow the active citizen in his citizenship to be heard by the State. Public spaces are sought to develop democratic practices, such as the participation of civil society in public policies, citizen control over the morality of acts, public hearings and consultations, Tutelary Councils, participatory budgets, public observatories, Ombudsmen, Users' Councils to monitor and evaluate the provision of public services1, mechanisms existing in the contemporary Constitutions, which act as a means of joining the citizen with the public power. The use of such mechanisms allows the oxygenation of representative democracy, bringing the people closer to the decision-making process. Social control and popular participation not only in public administration but also in political life are demands of the contemporary world, in which there is the recognition of the fundamental rights of man in the Constitutions, as a result of the historical process of constitutionalisation of the State.
In the passage from the Greek cities of the Roman Empire, in which the Direct Democracy model developed in Athens from the medieval period, characterized by the fragmentation of power and law between the nobility and the estamental groups, is marked by the emergence of the Absolute State, which is the first manifestation of the Modern State. From the absolute state, the social struggles moved towards the rule of law, also called the rule of law. The principle of legality represents one of the first manifestations of the limit of State action, in which negative freedoms prevail. Later, it moves to the Democratic State of Law and successively to the State of Social Democratic Law, which calls upon itself the task of promoting sociality and distributing the common good. It evolves from the principle of legality to the principle of real equality and dignity of the human person. The identification of the importance of respect for the Constitution and the association of constitutionalism with ideas about democracy, made possible the State of Right Social Democratic. In this order of ideas, the Western world has been able to overcome jusnaturalism, juridical positivism, reaching neo-constitutionalism, in which the principles are treated as rights, overcoming the void that existed until then between law, morality, philosophy and other fields of knowledge, carried out by legal positivism. The principles of real equality and the dignity of the human person, achieve a high status in the Social and Democratic State of Law, stating that all citizens are equal subjects and must be respected in their human dignity. Man evolves from the notion of individual rights and freedoms to a broader scope that comes to be the social, economic and cultural rights, reaching nowadays to expand to the diffuse rights, that go beyond the individuality of the human being, attempting to reach groups and species. The fundamental rights acquire the characteristic of universality the ordering of fundamental rights in the public and private spheres, determining their application and respect both in the relationship between the citizen and the State, as well as between individuals among themselves and regarding natural and juridical persons, mainly large international companies, is a daily achievement in the modern world. The representative democracy, in most of the Western world, is in crisis. Citizens are no longer represented by parliament. The democratic Social State of law does not accept the rigidity of the structure of the State in a closed, opaque form, considering the interests of political groups and parties. The de-bureaucratization of the public and private spheres, making them more transparent and efficient, must be the north of the Democratic State, which requires a democratic society. Transparency, public interest, the structuring of public services based on meritocracy, avoids the cartelization of the public structure, where secrecy does not exist, and the secrecy of public documents is the exception. Citizen education, as well as popular participation, must be constantly activated in order to allow the active citizen in his citizenship to be heard by the State. Public spaces are sought to develop democratic practices, such as the participation of civil society in public policies, citizen control over the morality of acts, public hearings and consultations, Tutelary Councils, participatory budgets, public observatories, Ombudsmen, Users' Councils to monitor and evaluate the provision of public services1, mechanisms existing in the contemporary Constitutions, which act as a means of joining the citizen with the public power. The use of such mechanisms allows the oxygenation of representative democracy, bringing the people closer to the decision-making process. Social control and popular participation not only in public administration but also in political life are demands of the contemporary world, in which there is the recognition of the fundamental rights of man in the Constitutions, as a result of the historical process of constitutionalisation of the State.
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Constitucionalização do Estado Democracia representativa Estado de Direito Estado democrático Direitos fundamentais Cidadania Participação popular Teses de mestrado - 2020