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Publicação
Searching for Sustainable-Irrigation Issues of Clementine Orchards in the Syrian Akkar Plain: Effects of Irrigation Method and Canopy Size on Crop Coefficients, Transpiration, and Water Use with SIMDualKc Model
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Citrus is one of the most valuable crops in Syria, with the largest production areas in the
Tartus and Latakia provinces. Water-saving policies have been adopted to modernize the irrigation
systems and increase water productivity. Following dedicated research, this study aimed to evaluate
the water balance in clementine trees irrigated with diverse methods and schedules using the
SIMDualKc software model. Two experiments are reported: one with 10–14 years old trees irrigated
with different methods (20072011) and the other with the same trees but now 1820 years old,
irrigated with different schedules (20152019). The SIMDualKc model successfully simulated the
soil water contents measured in the various field plots, with root mean square error values lower
than 0.004 m3 m3 and modeling efficiencies up to 0.83. The model-calibrated standard basal crop
coefficients (Kcb) were approximately constant throughout all growing stages, assuming values of
0.540.55 for the mature trees having smaller height (h) and fraction of ground cover (fc), and 0.64 for
older trees with larger canopies, i.e., larger h and fc. With drip irrigation, single Kc had a higher value
(1.14) at the end, non-growing, and initial stages, and a lower value (0.75–0.76) during mid-season
(Kc mid), because precipitation was lesser then, contributing less to soil evaporation. On the other
hand, Kc values were nearly constant with micro-sprinkler and surface irrigation techniques because
the ground was fully wetted. The Kcb values derived from the fraction of ground cover and height
(A&P approach) were similar to those obtained from the model, thus showing that the A&P approach
represents a practical alternative to estimate Kcb in the practice of irrigation management. The soil
water balance further revealed a large weight of the terms corresponding to the non-beneficial water
consumption and non-consumptive water use when the fraction wetted was large and the application
efficiencies were low. These terms were reduced, namely, evaporation losses when drip irrigation
was used. This study, thus, provides a valuable tool for improving the irrigation management, water
saving, and water productivity of Syrian citrus production systems
Descrição
Palavras-chave
FAO dual Kc approach irrigation methods irrigation scheduling non-beneficial water consumption non-consumptive water use
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Darouich, H.; Karfoul, R.; Ramos, T.B.; Moustafa, A.; Pereira, L.S. Searching for Sustainable-Irrigation Issues of Clementine Orchards in the Syrian Akkar Plain: Effects of Irrigation Method and Canopy Size on Crop Coefficients, Transpiration, andWater Use with SIMDualKc Model. Water 2022, 14, 2052
Editora
MDPI