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Doença periodontal no cão
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Resumo(s)
A doença periodontal é a afecção mais comum da cavidade oral dos canídeos e afecta os
tecidos de sustentação do dente que formam o periodonto, que é composto pela gengiva,
pelo ligamento periodontal, pelo cemento e pelo osso alveolar.
O agente etiológico da doença periodontal é a placa bacteriana acumulada sobre a
superfície dos dentes. Vários outros factores parecem influenciar no desenvolvimento da
doença periodontal tais como a raça, a genética, a idade, o comportamento de mastigação,
a saúde geral, a oclusão dentária, a nutrição e a consistência dos alimentos.
Inicialmente, a manifestação clínica da doença periodontal é a gengivite que é reversível se
a placa bacteriana for removida. Se a gengivite não for controlada, conduz à periodontite
que é irreversível e pode progredir para a destruição do osso alveolar e dos tecidos de
suporte do dente. Estadios avançados da doença periodontal podem conduzir a
complicações locais e sistémicas. As consequências locais incluem as fístulas oronasais, as
lesões endo-periodontais, as fracturas patológicas, as complicações oculares, a osteomielite
dos ossos maxilar e mandibular e o aumento da incidência de neoplasias orais. A nível
sistémico podem estar associadas a doenças renais, hepáticas, pulmonares ou cardíacas, a
alterações articulares e a meningite, entre outras.
No nosso estudo foi avaliada a presença e o grau de doença periodontal em 196 cães de
raça pura e de raça indeterminada. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a doença
periodontal era menos frequente nos cães de raça indeterminada (29%) quando
comparados com os cães de raça pura (71%), sendo os de raças pequenas, tais como o
Caniche, o Cocker Spaniel e o Yorkshire Terrier os mais afectados (44%). A faixa etária com
maior incidência de doença periodontal encontrava-se entre os 9 e os 12 anos (38%), o que
traduz uma população envelhecida. Os cães alimentados com rações duras e secas e os
cães com acesso a materiais mastigáveis, que requerem maior preensão e mastigação,
apresentaram menor evidência de doença periodontal quando comparados com os cães
alimentados com comida caseira e com os cães que não tinham acesso a materiais
mastigáveis.
A melhor forma de tratar a doença periodontal é actuar na sua prevenção, de modo a reduzir
a quantidade de bactérias da cavidade oral, sendo a escovagem diária dos dentes o melhor
método para evitar a deposição de placa e cálculo dentários. Cabe ao médico veterinário
sensibilizar os proprietários para o seu papel fundamental em casa e ensiná-los desde cedo
a escovar os dentes dos seus animais, não esquecendo que para além da higiene oral
diária, devem procurar a ajuda profissional pelo menos uma vez por ano.
ABSTRACT - PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN DOGS - Periodontal disease is the most common disease of the canine oral cavity and affects the supporting tissues of the teeth that form the periodontum, which includes gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. Every dog will be affected to some extent with periodontal disease during its life. Periodontal disease’s etiologic agent is the bacterial plaque accumulated on teeth surfaces. Several other factors seem to predispose to the development of periodontal disease such as breed, genetics, age, chewing behaviour, health status, dental occlusion, nutrition and food consistency. Initially, the clinic evidence of periodontal disease is gingivitis which is reversible if the bacterial plaque is removed. Untreated, gingivitis may progress to periodontitis which is irreversible and progresses to destruction of alveolar bone and supporting tissues. Advanced stages of periodontal disease can lead to local and systemic consequences. The local consequences include oronasal fistulas, perio-endodontic lesions, pathologic fractures, ocular complications, maxilar and mandibular osteomyelitis, and an increased incidence of oral cancer. Systemic diseases secondary to periodontal disease include renal, hepatic, pulmonary and cardiac diseases. In our study 196 purebred and mixed-breed dogs were evaluated for the presence and grade of periodontal disease. The results showed that periodontal disease was less frequent in mixed-breed dogs (29%) than in purebred dogs (71%), and in the latter, the frequency was greater in the small breed dogs, such as Poodle, Cocker Spaniel and Yorkshire Terrier (44%). The age group with higher incidence of periodontal disease was between 9 and 12 years old (38%), reflecting an aging population. Dogs fed on dry and hard consistency food and those which had access to chewing materials, wich requires a certain degree of prehension and mastigation, had less evidence of periodontal disease than dogs fed on homemade and food with a certain degree of humidity and than dogs that had no access to chewing materials. The best way to treat periodontal disease is to prevent it, reducing the amount of bacteria in the oral cavity, the daily brushing of the teeth beeing the best method to prevent the deposition of dental plaque and calculus. Veterinary clinicians should alert the owners about their crucial role at home and teach them to brush the teeth of their animals from the beginning, without forgetting that in addition to daily oral hygiene, they should seek professional help at least once a year.
ABSTRACT - PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN DOGS - Periodontal disease is the most common disease of the canine oral cavity and affects the supporting tissues of the teeth that form the periodontum, which includes gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. Every dog will be affected to some extent with periodontal disease during its life. Periodontal disease’s etiologic agent is the bacterial plaque accumulated on teeth surfaces. Several other factors seem to predispose to the development of periodontal disease such as breed, genetics, age, chewing behaviour, health status, dental occlusion, nutrition and food consistency. Initially, the clinic evidence of periodontal disease is gingivitis which is reversible if the bacterial plaque is removed. Untreated, gingivitis may progress to periodontitis which is irreversible and progresses to destruction of alveolar bone and supporting tissues. Advanced stages of periodontal disease can lead to local and systemic consequences. The local consequences include oronasal fistulas, perio-endodontic lesions, pathologic fractures, ocular complications, maxilar and mandibular osteomyelitis, and an increased incidence of oral cancer. Systemic diseases secondary to periodontal disease include renal, hepatic, pulmonary and cardiac diseases. In our study 196 purebred and mixed-breed dogs were evaluated for the presence and grade of periodontal disease. The results showed that periodontal disease was less frequent in mixed-breed dogs (29%) than in purebred dogs (71%), and in the latter, the frequency was greater in the small breed dogs, such as Poodle, Cocker Spaniel and Yorkshire Terrier (44%). The age group with higher incidence of periodontal disease was between 9 and 12 years old (38%), reflecting an aging population. Dogs fed on dry and hard consistency food and those which had access to chewing materials, wich requires a certain degree of prehension and mastigation, had less evidence of periodontal disease than dogs fed on homemade and food with a certain degree of humidity and than dogs that had no access to chewing materials. The best way to treat periodontal disease is to prevent it, reducing the amount of bacteria in the oral cavity, the daily brushing of the teeth beeing the best method to prevent the deposition of dental plaque and calculus. Veterinary clinicians should alert the owners about their crucial role at home and teach them to brush the teeth of their animals from the beginning, without forgetting that in addition to daily oral hygiene, they should seek professional help at least once a year.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Palavras-chave
Doença periodontal Gengiva Osso alveolar Cemento Ligamento periodontal Placa bacteriana Periodontal disease Gingiva Alveolar bone Cementum Periodontal ligament Bacterial plaque
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Gouveia, A.I.E.A. (2009). Doença periodontal no cão. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Lisboa.
Editora
Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária