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Stereomemo : a influência de estereótipos em falsas memórias
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Os indivíduos têm tendência para gerar falsas memórias que sejam congruentes com as
suas expectativas (Macrae, Schloerscheidt, Bodenhausen & Milne, 2002). Ao investigar a
influência das expectativas sociais na memória, através de informações congruentes ou
incongruentes com a expectativa, Stangor e McMillan (1992) mostraram que o desempenho
em memória numa tarefa de reconhecimento é melhor para a informação incongruente com
a expectativa do que para a informação congruente (efeito da distintividade). Lenton, Blair e
Hastie (2001), partindo do pressuposto de que um estereótipo é uma expectativa prévia,
estudaram como as memórias falsas podem surgir de associações indiretas de estereótipos
através do paradigma DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott).
De acordo com estes estudos, na presente investigação procura-se estudar se
comportamentos estereotípicos congruentes produzem mais falsas memórias, devido ao
efeito das expectativas estereotípicas dos participantes e se, por outro lado, os
comportamentos incongruentes são melhor recordados, devido à sua distintividade,.
Esta experiência divide-se em três fases. Inicialmente, é pedido aos participantes que
leiam frases (congruentes e incongruentes com estereótipos de “novo”, “velho”, “homem” e
“mulher”), e que as memorizem. Após uma tarefa distratora (segunda fase), os participantes
lêem frases anteriormente vistas, assim como frases novas, sendo que lhes é pedido que
indiquem quais as frases que foram ou não apresentadas.
De acordo com os estudos de Stangor e colaboradores (1992), Lenton e colaboradores
(2001) e Heider e colaboradores (2007), esperava-se, no caso das frases previamente
apresentadas, mais acertos para frases incongruentes do que congruentes, ao passo que para
as não apresentadas era previsto mais erros para frases incongruentes em comparação com
as congruentes, tal como nos estudos de Macrae e colaboradores (2002). Estas previsões não
foram verificadas.
Os resultados revelam que os participantes têm mais acertos em frases congruentes
apresentadas na primeira fase, e que existe uma tendência parcial para gerarem mais falsas
memórias para frases congruentes não apresentadas anteriormente.
Individuals tend to generate false memories that are congruent with their expectations (Macrae, Schloerscheidt, Bodenhausen & Milne, 2002). By investigating the influence of social expectations in memory, through information congruent or incongruent with expectation, Stangor and McMillan (1992) demonstrated that memory is better for incongruent expectation than congruent expectation (effect of distinctiveness). Previous studies, using the DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) paradigm, showed how false memories can arise from indirect associations of stereotypes (Lenton, Blair & Hastie, 2001). In the present research, it is studied whether incongruent stereotype behaviors produce more false memories due to their incoherence with the participants previous expectations of congruent information, or if on the contrary, due to their distinctiveness, are best remembered. This experience is divided into three phases. Initially, participants are asked to read phrases (congruent and incongruent with stereotypes of "young", "old", "man" and "woman"), and to memorize them. After a distracting task (second phase), participants read phrases previously viewed, as well as new phrases, and are asked to indicate which phrases have been seen before or not. According to the studies of Stangor et al. (1992), Lenton et al. (2001) and Heider et al. (2007), it was expected, in the case of the previously presented phrases, more correct for incongruent than congruent phrases, whereas for those not presented more errors for incongruent phrases, as in the studies of Macrea and collaborators (2002). These forecasts have not been verified. The results show that participants hits more on congruent answers in sentences presented in the first phase, and that there is a partial tendency to generate more false memories for congruent phrases in sentences not presented.
Individuals tend to generate false memories that are congruent with their expectations (Macrae, Schloerscheidt, Bodenhausen & Milne, 2002). By investigating the influence of social expectations in memory, through information congruent or incongruent with expectation, Stangor and McMillan (1992) demonstrated that memory is better for incongruent expectation than congruent expectation (effect of distinctiveness). Previous studies, using the DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) paradigm, showed how false memories can arise from indirect associations of stereotypes (Lenton, Blair & Hastie, 2001). In the present research, it is studied whether incongruent stereotype behaviors produce more false memories due to their incoherence with the participants previous expectations of congruent information, or if on the contrary, due to their distinctiveness, are best remembered. This experience is divided into three phases. Initially, participants are asked to read phrases (congruent and incongruent with stereotypes of "young", "old", "man" and "woman"), and to memorize them. After a distracting task (second phase), participants read phrases previously viewed, as well as new phrases, and are asked to indicate which phrases have been seen before or not. According to the studies of Stangor et al. (1992), Lenton et al. (2001) and Heider et al. (2007), it was expected, in the case of the previously presented phrases, more correct for incongruent than congruent phrases, whereas for those not presented more errors for incongruent phrases, as in the studies of Macrea and collaborators (2002). These forecasts have not been verified. The results show that participants hits more on congruent answers in sentences presented in the first phase, and that there is a partial tendency to generate more false memories for congruent phrases in sentences not presented.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Cognição Social Aplicada), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2018
Palavras-chave
Memórias falsas Estereótipo (Psicologia) Congruências Incongruência Teses de mestrado - 2018