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Avaliação da qualidade do ar em espaços de um edifício de Ciências
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O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo, a verificação da qualidade do ar interior (QAI), no 5º piso do edifício C8 da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), nomeadamente em dois laboratórios de química (orgânica e organometálica) apresentando diferentes atividades laboratoriais e, ainda, no corredor do mesmo piso junto às escadas e ao elevador. As recolhas de amostras decorreram entre dezembro de 2016 e março de 2017, com amostragens de cerca de 24 horas, exceto nos fins de semana que foram de 48 horas, tentando-se manter as mesmas condições de amostragem para todos os locais. De todos os parâmetros que estão presentes na legislação portuguesa (Decreto-Lei 102/2013) para a verificação da QAI em edifícios, este trabalho debruçou-se sobre a matéria particulada (PM), mais especificamente as PM10 e PM2,5 relativamente ao conteúdo mássico por m3 de ar, à composição da fração inorgânica e ainda aos compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOCs). Para além da análise gravimétrica para determinação do conteúdo mássico das partículas amostradas, recorreu-se à cromatografia iónica (IC), com validação das gamas de concentração, para determinação da fração solúvel em meio aquoso, tendo sido analisados os catiões (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ e Ca2+) e os aniões (F-, CH3COO−, Cl-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-, PO43- e SO42-). Foram estimadas as incertezas associadas à quantificação dos resultados. No sentido da identificação e semi-quantificação dos VOCs, recorreu-se à cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espetrometria de massa (GC-MS). Dos resultados obtidos, a análise gravimétrica mostrou que as massas das partículas PM10 e PM2.5 não ultrapassaram os valores legalmente estabelecidos (50 μg/m3 e 25 μg/m3, respetivamente) pela legislação portuguesa. Na análise dos iões verificou-se que na fração grosseira (PM10) se encontravam em maior quantidade o sódio (54±16 - 1566±470 ng/m3), o cloreto (95±29 - 3143±943 ng/m3), o cálcio (70±21 - 828±248 ng/m3) e o sulfato (58±18 - 898±269 ng/m3). Na fração fina (PM2,5) o amónio (58±18 - 617±185 ng/m3). O nitrato (118±36 - 908±276 ng/m3 e 191±58 - 5262±1579 ng/m3, respetivamente nas frações grosseira e fina) encontra-se presente em ambas as frações. Na análise dos VOCs verificou-se a presença, em todas as amostras estudadas, de alcanos e alcenos e ainda, de outros compostos orgânicos (amidas, cetonas, aldeídos, etc). Os alcanos mais abundantes foram o hexadecano (0,4 - 0,5 %), o tetracosano (2,4 - 1,8%), o octadecano (0,7 - 0,8 %), o hexacosano (1,6%) e o eicosano (0,2 - 2,4%). Como alcenos mais abundantes encontraram-se o 1-hexadeceno (0,7 - 7,8 %), o 1-octadeceno (0,4 - 2,8%), o 1-tetradeceno (0,2 - 1,6%), o 2-nonadeceno (1,0 - 1,2%) e o 3-eicoseno (0,8 - 1,5%). Ainda outros compostos orgânicos identificados foram a 9-octadecenamida (1,5 - 2,0%), o 1-tetradecanol (9,0%), o acetato de 1-heptadecanoílo (6,8%), o acrilato de dodecilo (10,2%) e o ácido propanoico (0,5 - 7,5%). Por análise global dos resultados obtidos verificou-se que a QAI nos locais estudados se encontra em conformidade com a legislação portuguesa, sugerindo não representar risco para a saúde humana.
The main objective of the present work was to verify indoor air quality (IAQ) on the 5th floor of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon (FCUL), in two chemistry laboratories (organic and organometallic) presenting different laboratory activities and also in the corridor of the same floor, next to the stairs and the elevator. Sampling took place between December 2016 and March 2017, with sampling about 24 hours, except on weekends that were 48 hours, trying to maintain the same sampling conditions for all locations. Of all the parameters that are present in the Portuguese legislation (Decreto-Lei 102/2013) for the verification of IAQ in buildings, this work was focused on particulate matter (PM), more specifically PM10 and PM2,5 with respect to the content mass per m3 of air, the composition of the inorganic fraction and also the volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In addition to the gravimetric analysis in the determination of the mass content of the sampled particles, Ionic chromatography (IC) with validation of the concentration ranges was used for the determination of the soluble fraction in aqueous medium. Cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) and anions (F-, CH3COO-, Cl-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-, PO43- and SO42-) were analysed. The uncertainties associated with the quantification of the results were estimated. In order to the identification and semi-quantification of the VOCs, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used. From the results obtained, the gravimetric analysis showed that the PM10 and PM2.5 masses didn’t exceed the legally established values (50 μg/m3 and 25 μg/m3, respectively) by Portuguese legislation. In the analysis of the ions, the chloride (95 ± 29 -3143 ± 943 ng/m3) was found to be higher in the coarse fraction (PM10) than sodium (54 ± 16 - 1566 ± 470 ng /m3) calcium (70 ± 21 - 828 ± 248 ng /m3) and sulfate (58 ± 18 - 898 ± 269 ng /m3). In the fine fraction (PM2.5) ammonium (58 ± 18 - 617 ± 185 ng /m3) was the most abundant. Nitrate is present in both fractions (coarse fraction 118 ± 36 - 908 ± 276 ng /m3 and fine fraction 191 ± 58 - 5262 ± 1579 ng /m3). In VOCS analysis, alkanes and alkenes and other organic compounds (amides, ketones, aldehydes, etc.) were present in all studied samples. The most abundant alkanes were hexadecane (0.4 -0.5%), tetracosane (2.4 - 1.8%), octadecane (0.7 - 0.8%), hexacosane (1.6 %) and eicosane (0.2- 2.4%). The most abundant alkenes were 1-hexadene (0.7 - 7.8%), 1-octadecene (0.4-2.8%), 1-tetradecene (0.2-1.6%), 2-nonadecene (1.0-1.2%) and 3-eicosene (0.8-1.5%). Other organic compounds identified were 9-octadecenamide (1.5-2.0%), 1-tetradecanol (9.0%), 1-heptadecanol-acetate (6.8%), dodecyl acrylate (10.2%) and or propanoic acid (0.5-7.5%). The global analysis of the results obtained, shows that the IAQ in the studied sites follows the Portuguese legislation, suggesting that it does not represent a risk to human health.
The main objective of the present work was to verify indoor air quality (IAQ) on the 5th floor of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon (FCUL), in two chemistry laboratories (organic and organometallic) presenting different laboratory activities and also in the corridor of the same floor, next to the stairs and the elevator. Sampling took place between December 2016 and March 2017, with sampling about 24 hours, except on weekends that were 48 hours, trying to maintain the same sampling conditions for all locations. Of all the parameters that are present in the Portuguese legislation (Decreto-Lei 102/2013) for the verification of IAQ in buildings, this work was focused on particulate matter (PM), more specifically PM10 and PM2,5 with respect to the content mass per m3 of air, the composition of the inorganic fraction and also the volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In addition to the gravimetric analysis in the determination of the mass content of the sampled particles, Ionic chromatography (IC) with validation of the concentration ranges was used for the determination of the soluble fraction in aqueous medium. Cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) and anions (F-, CH3COO-, Cl-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-, PO43- and SO42-) were analysed. The uncertainties associated with the quantification of the results were estimated. In order to the identification and semi-quantification of the VOCs, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used. From the results obtained, the gravimetric analysis showed that the PM10 and PM2.5 masses didn’t exceed the legally established values (50 μg/m3 and 25 μg/m3, respectively) by Portuguese legislation. In the analysis of the ions, the chloride (95 ± 29 -3143 ± 943 ng/m3) was found to be higher in the coarse fraction (PM10) than sodium (54 ± 16 - 1566 ± 470 ng /m3) calcium (70 ± 21 - 828 ± 248 ng /m3) and sulfate (58 ± 18 - 898 ± 269 ng /m3). In the fine fraction (PM2.5) ammonium (58 ± 18 - 617 ± 185 ng /m3) was the most abundant. Nitrate is present in both fractions (coarse fraction 118 ± 36 - 908 ± 276 ng /m3 and fine fraction 191 ± 58 - 5262 ± 1579 ng /m3). In VOCS analysis, alkanes and alkenes and other organic compounds (amides, ketones, aldehydes, etc.) were present in all studied samples. The most abundant alkanes were hexadecane (0.4 -0.5%), tetracosane (2.4 - 1.8%), octadecane (0.7 - 0.8%), hexacosane (1.6 %) and eicosane (0.2- 2.4%). The most abundant alkenes were 1-hexadene (0.7 - 7.8%), 1-octadecene (0.4-2.8%), 1-tetradecene (0.2-1.6%), 2-nonadecene (1.0-1.2%) and 3-eicosene (0.8-1.5%). Other organic compounds identified were 9-octadecenamide (1.5-2.0%), 1-tetradecanol (9.0%), 1-heptadecanol-acetate (6.8%), dodecyl acrylate (10.2%) and or propanoic acid (0.5-7.5%). The global analysis of the results obtained, shows that the IAQ in the studied sites follows the Portuguese legislation, suggesting that it does not represent a risk to human health.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado em Química, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, em 2018
Palavras-chave
QAI PM VOCs IC GC-MS Teses de mestrado - 2018