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A recomplementação no português europeu
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A recomplementação tem sido estudada para diversas línguas (principalmente línguas românicas), consistindo na realização, numa mesma oração, de duas instâncias de um mesmo complementador, separadas por um constituinte de natureza variável.
Os objetivos gerais desta dissertação são contribuir para os estudos da periferia esquerda da frase com uma descrição mais detalhada das estruturas de recomplementação do português europeu e proporcionar evidência empírica que sirva de base a essa descrição e dê origem a possíveis trabalhos futuros relacionados com o fenómeno.
Sigo, desde o início, uma perspetiva cartográfica, dando a conhecer os estudos de Rizzi (1997) e Haegeman (2012), que exploram o sistema CP. É no seguimento destes autores que descrevo o ponto em que se encontram os estudos sobre a Recomplementação em algumas línguas, com foco sobre os estudos de Demonte & Soriano (2007/2009) e Villa-García (2012) para o espanhol. Através dessa descrição, podemos observar que as estruturas de recomplementação envolvem sempre pelo menos dois conetores aparentemente iguais, separados por algum tipo de material periférico que varia de língua para língua.
Direcionando-me finalmente para o português europeu, faço uma síntese do que tem sido referido acerca da Recomplementação – nos estudos de Barbosa (2000, 2008), Carrilho (2005) e Mascarenhas (2015) –, chegando através dela a um conjunto de hipóteses a confirmar ou infirmar pelos dados recolhidos e analisados. Tais hipóteses passam pela produtividade do fenómeno na língua, os tipos de conetores com a possibilidade de serem redobrados, o tipo de constituintes que se pode encontrar entre conetores (constituintes mais associados a um valor de tópico vs. constituintes mais associados a um valor de foco) e as possíveis sequências “conetor – constituinte periférico” (i.e. sequências com mais do que dois conetores, sequências com mais do que um constituinte periférico entre conetores ou uma combinação destas duas sequências).
A extração e análise quantitativa de dados provenientes do CORDIAL-SIN, do CRPC e do Português Fundamental permitiu-me tirar conclusões sobre algumas das hipóteses formuladas. A Recomplementação é um fenómeno produtivo um pouco por todo o território português. A maioria dos constituintes entre conetores tem propriedades de tópico (com um grande número de ocorrências de tópicos-sujeito e adjuntos), apesar de algumas ocorrências, contra o esperado, apresentarem constituintes quantificados. Por sua vez, apesar de a recomplementação com o complementador que ser a mais produtiva, há indícios de recomplementação com se interrogativo, se condicional e para introdutor de orações adverbiais finais, sendo, ainda assim, fraca a evidência para os dois primeiros. Os padrões de recomplementação disponíveis no português europeu incluem tanto sequências com iteração do que de recomplementação como sequências com múltiplos constituintes entre complementadores e uma combinação de ambas. Verificou-se ainda que a recomplementação pode surgir em contextos de subordinação a nomes. Em termos gerais, os dados favorecem uma análise que coloca o conetor de recomplementação no núcleo de uma projeção TopP, no especificador da qual se encontra o constituinte em recomplementação.
Recomplementation has been studied in the context of several languages (especially romance languages), consisting in two instances of the same complementizer occurring in the same clause and separated by a constituent of variable nature. The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to the literature on the left periphery of the sentence with a more complete portrayal of recomplementation structures in European Portuguese and to provide empirical evidence that supports that portrayal and encourages possible future works related to the subject. I follow a cartographic approach, introducing work by Rizzi (1997) and Haegeman (2012), who both explore the CP system. Following these authors, I describe the status of the recomplementation literature in some languages, with a focus on studies by Demonte & Soriano (2007/2009) and Villa-García (2012) for Spanish. Through that account I note that recomplementation structures always involve at least two apparently similar connectors, separated by some peripheral material which varies across languages. In regards to European Portuguese, I review previous work and discussions on recomplementation – in studies by Barbosa (2000/2008), Carrilho (2005) and Mascarenhas (2015) –, reaching a set of predictions to be confirmed or infirmed by the extracted and analysed data. Those predictions are related to the productivity of the phenomenon in the language, the kinds of connectors that can be doubled, the kinds of constituents that can be found between connectors (constituents more associated with topic vs. constituents more associated with focus), and the possible “connector – peripheral constituent” sequences (i.e. sequences with more than two connectors, sequences with more than one peripheral constituent between connectors or a combination of both thereof). The extraction and quantitative analysis of data from the CORDIAL-SIN, CRPC and Português Fundamental corpora allowed me to reach a verdict about some of the formulated predictions. Recomplementation is a productive phenomenon all across the Portuguese territory. The majority of constituents between connectors has properties of topics (a great number of instances being topical subjects and adjuncts), despite some instances presenting, contrary to expectations, quantified constituents in that position. As for connectors, although recomplementation with complementizer que is the most productive, there are instances of recomplementation with the interrogative complementizer se, the conditional conjunction se and para from purpose clauses (though evidence for the first two is weak). The recomplementation patterns available in European Portuguese include sequences with recomplementation que iteration as well as multiple constituents between complementizers and a combination of both. In addition, I was able to find that recomplementation can be used in embedded sentences selected by nouns. In general terms, the data favours an analysis by which the recomplementation connector is located in the head of a TopP projection, while the sandwiched constituent is in its specifier.
Recomplementation has been studied in the context of several languages (especially romance languages), consisting in two instances of the same complementizer occurring in the same clause and separated by a constituent of variable nature. The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to the literature on the left periphery of the sentence with a more complete portrayal of recomplementation structures in European Portuguese and to provide empirical evidence that supports that portrayal and encourages possible future works related to the subject. I follow a cartographic approach, introducing work by Rizzi (1997) and Haegeman (2012), who both explore the CP system. Following these authors, I describe the status of the recomplementation literature in some languages, with a focus on studies by Demonte & Soriano (2007/2009) and Villa-García (2012) for Spanish. Through that account I note that recomplementation structures always involve at least two apparently similar connectors, separated by some peripheral material which varies across languages. In regards to European Portuguese, I review previous work and discussions on recomplementation – in studies by Barbosa (2000/2008), Carrilho (2005) and Mascarenhas (2015) –, reaching a set of predictions to be confirmed or infirmed by the extracted and analysed data. Those predictions are related to the productivity of the phenomenon in the language, the kinds of connectors that can be doubled, the kinds of constituents that can be found between connectors (constituents more associated with topic vs. constituents more associated with focus), and the possible “connector – peripheral constituent” sequences (i.e. sequences with more than two connectors, sequences with more than one peripheral constituent between connectors or a combination of both thereof). The extraction and quantitative analysis of data from the CORDIAL-SIN, CRPC and Português Fundamental corpora allowed me to reach a verdict about some of the formulated predictions. Recomplementation is a productive phenomenon all across the Portuguese territory. The majority of constituents between connectors has properties of topics (a great number of instances being topical subjects and adjuncts), despite some instances presenting, contrary to expectations, quantified constituents in that position. As for connectors, although recomplementation with complementizer que is the most productive, there are instances of recomplementation with the interrogative complementizer se, the conditional conjunction se and para from purpose clauses (though evidence for the first two is weak). The recomplementation patterns available in European Portuguese include sequences with recomplementation que iteration as well as multiple constituents between complementizers and a combination of both. In addition, I was able to find that recomplementation can be used in embedded sentences selected by nouns. In general terms, the data favours an analysis by which the recomplementation connector is located in the head of a TopP projection, while the sandwiched constituent is in its specifier.
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Língua portuguesa - Orações (Linguística) Língua portuguesa - Sintaxe Língua portuguesa - Complementos (Linguística) Teses de mestrado - 2020