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Processamento auditivo e efeitos de incongruência no processamento semântico
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Resumo(s)
O estudo do processamento da linguagem pode considerar desde as
unidades linguísticas mais elementares, os simples fonemas, até à frase, como
unidade mais ou menos complexa. O presente estudo centra-se na compreensão da
fala por via auditiva de palavras e de frases.
Nesta linha de investigação é comum usar, em simultâneo com os registos
comportamentais, indicadores da atividade do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) como
os Potenciais Evocados Relacionados com Eventos (Event Related Potentials, ERPs).
Diversos componentes de ERPs, com amplitude, latência e distribuição no couro
cabeludo, têm sido relacionados com aspetos específicos dos processos envolvidos
na compreensão da linguagem. Neste estudo, concentramo-nos num particular efeito
ERP, denominado N400, sensível ao processamento semântico. Usamos paradigmas
experimentais para avaliação do processamento linguístico, comparamos condições
de congruência com condições de incongruência semântica em três situações
distintas em termos de níveis de complexidade e de exigência de recursos de
processamento, que designamos por fases experimentais. Na primeira fase
experimental - processamento auditivo de palavras: relações lexicais e campos
semânticos - foram considerados três campos semânticos principais (frutos, animais e
objetos) e três campos desviantes (peixes, flores e profissões) respetivamente. Na
segunda fase experimental foram consideradas frases declarativas constituídas por
Sujeito/Verbo/Complemento. O tipo de complemento (direto ou oblíquo) foi
selecionado em função das características do verbo utilizado; nesta fase experimental
a violação semântica é local, ou seja, do verbo relativamente ao complemento que o
seleciona. A terceira fase experimental – processamento auditivo de frases
interrogativas parciais “Q” - implica uma estrutura mais complexa do ponto de vista
do processamento da informação linguística, uma vez que o movimento do
complemento para o início da frase deixa uma categoria vazia que requer um maior
esforço de processamento semântico e sintático, com maior envolvimento de outros
processos cognitivos como é o caso da memória de curto prazo. Esta investigação
inclui, para cada uma das fases experimentais, um estudo com indicadores
comportamentais e um estudo com indicadores eletrofisiológicos (ERPs), numa
população saudável e ainda em casos de Perturbações do Processamento Auditivo
Central (PPAC). As PPAC manifestam-se por uma perda auditiva funcional caracterizada pela incapacidade de realizar uma ou mais aptidões do processamento
auditivo. Tanto quanto sabemos não existem estudos sobre este indicador do
processamento semântico em indivíduos com PPAC.
The study of language processing can consider whether the most elementary linguistic units, the simple phonemes or the sentence as a more or less complex unit. The current study is focused on the speech understanding by the hearing of words and sentences. In this line of investigation, it is common to use behavioural data simultaneously with indicators of the Central Nervous System (CNS) activity as the Event Related Potentials (ERPs). Various ERPs components with amplitude, latency and distribution on the scalp have been related to specific aspects of the processes involved in the language understanding. In this study, we will focus on a particular effect of ERP, named N400, sensitive to the semantic processing. We will use experimental paradigms for the evaluation of the linguistic processing; compare conditions of congruence with conditions of semantic incongruence in three distinctive situations in terms of level of complexity and demand of processing resources that will be designated as experimental phases. In the first experimental phase- auditory processing of words: lexical relations and semantic fields – three main semantic fields were considered (fruit, animals and objects) and three deviant fields (fish, flowers and jobs) respectively. In the second experimental phase, declarative sentences constituted by Subject/Verb/Complement were considered. The type of complement (direct or oblique) was selected according to the characteristics of the verb used. In this experimental phase, the semantic violation is local, in other words, from the verb to the complement. The third experimental phase- auditory processing of partial interrogative sentences “Wh”- implies a more complex structure from the point of view of the linguistic information processing, as the movement of the complement to the beginning of the sentence leaves an empty category that requires a greater semantic and syntactic effort, with a greater involvement of other cognitive processes as in the case of shortterm memory. This investigation includes, for each of the experimental phases, a study with behavioural indicators and a study with electrophysiological indicators (ERPs), for a healthy population and also in cases of Central Auditory Processing Disorders (APD). The APD are expressed by a functional hearing loss characterized by the incapacity to perform one or more abilities of the auditory processing. As far as we know, there aren’t any studies on this indicator of semantic processing in individuals with APD.
The study of language processing can consider whether the most elementary linguistic units, the simple phonemes or the sentence as a more or less complex unit. The current study is focused on the speech understanding by the hearing of words and sentences. In this line of investigation, it is common to use behavioural data simultaneously with indicators of the Central Nervous System (CNS) activity as the Event Related Potentials (ERPs). Various ERPs components with amplitude, latency and distribution on the scalp have been related to specific aspects of the processes involved in the language understanding. In this study, we will focus on a particular effect of ERP, named N400, sensitive to the semantic processing. We will use experimental paradigms for the evaluation of the linguistic processing; compare conditions of congruence with conditions of semantic incongruence in three distinctive situations in terms of level of complexity and demand of processing resources that will be designated as experimental phases. In the first experimental phase- auditory processing of words: lexical relations and semantic fields – three main semantic fields were considered (fruit, animals and objects) and three deviant fields (fish, flowers and jobs) respectively. In the second experimental phase, declarative sentences constituted by Subject/Verb/Complement were considered. The type of complement (direct or oblique) was selected according to the characteristics of the verb used. In this experimental phase, the semantic violation is local, in other words, from the verb to the complement. The third experimental phase- auditory processing of partial interrogative sentences “Wh”- implies a more complex structure from the point of view of the linguistic information processing, as the movement of the complement to the beginning of the sentence leaves an empty category that requires a greater semantic and syntactic effort, with a greater involvement of other cognitive processes as in the case of shortterm memory. This investigation includes, for each of the experimental phases, a study with behavioural indicators and a study with electrophysiological indicators (ERPs), for a healthy population and also in cases of Central Auditory Processing Disorders (APD). The APD are expressed by a functional hearing loss characterized by the incapacity to perform one or more abilities of the auditory processing. As far as we know, there aren’t any studies on this indicator of semantic processing in individuals with APD.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Linguagem - Compreensão Percepção auditiva Potenciais evocados (Electrofisiologia) Linguagem - Aspectos fisiológicos Semântica e psicologia Linguística cognitiva Teses de doutoramento - 2017