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A Ascensão da China e a Ordem Internacional: Comparação da Política Externa Chinesa em relação aos EUA na Era de Deng Xiaoping e na Era de Xi Jinping
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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo compreender se se verificam mudanças entre a Política Externa da República Popular da China (RPC) em relação aos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) na era de Deng Xiaoping (1979-1992) e na era de Xi Jinping (2013-2021). A metodologia utilizada foi a abordagem qualitativa, que permitiu interpretar os factos e analisar as diferenças da política externa chinesa.
A ascensão internacional da China decorrente do conjunto de reformas económicas introduzidas por Deng Xiaoping, na década de 90, e da estratégia de engajamento dos EUA contribuíram para que a atual liderança chinesa ambicionasse uma maior participação na ordem internacional.
Com Xi Jinping, a China pensa como um poder global e propõe uma visão global – “a construção de uma comunidade de destino comum para a humanidade” – que assenta na igualdade soberana e em interesses e responsabilidades comuns, afigurando-se como uma alternativa à atual ordem internacional (liderada pelos EUA).
A ascensão da China e a transição da estratégia internacional de Deng Xiaoping “mantém um perfil discreto” para a estratégia de Xi Jinping “lutar por conquistas” provocaram receios e oposição por parte de outras potências regionais, e também dos EUA.
A nova assertividade da China resultou na deterioração da relação com os EUA, que mudou a respetiva estratégia de “engajamento” para uma estratégia “competitiva” a partir da Administração Trump (2017-2021), numa tentativa de defesa dos seus objetivos nacionais e de resolução do problema securitário na região da Ásia-Pacífico. Com a Administração Biden, o debate sobre a cooperação dos EUA com a China em áreas de interesse comum é reforçado, mas os EUA não querem comprometer a ordem internacional atual.
Concluiu-se evidenciando a alteração da estratégia internacional chinesa com Xi Jinping, que ambiciona concretizar a regeneração nacional da China, através do desenvolvimento de instituições e normas internacionais que melhor representem os seus interesses e a obtenção de ganhos mútuos, como por exemplo, a BRI.
This dissertation aims to understand if there are changes between the Foreign Policy of the People´s Republic of China (PRC) in relation to the United States of America (U.S.) in the era of Deng Xiaoping (1979-1992) and in the era of Xi Jinping (2013-2021). The methodology used was the qualitative approach, which allowed interpreting the facts and analyzing the differences in the Chinese foreign policy. China’s international rise resulting from the set of economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping, in the 1990’s, and the U.S. strategy of engagement contributed to the current Chinese leadership’s ambitions for a greater participation in the international order. With Xi Jinping, China thinks like a global power and proposes a global vision – “the construction of a common destiny community for humanity” – based on sovereign equality and common interests and responsibilities, appearing as an alternative to the current international order (led by the U.S.). The rise of China and the transition from Deng Xiaoping’s international strategy “keep a low profile” to Xi Jinping’s “striving for achievements” strategy has sparked worries and opposition among other regional powers, as well as the U.S. This new assertiveness of China resulted in the deterioration of the relationship with the U.S., which shifted from an “engagement” strategy to a “competitive” strategy with the Trump Administration (2017-2021), in an attempt to defend its national objectives and to resolve the security problem in the Asia-Pacific region. With the Biden Administration, the debate on U.S. cooperation with China in areas of common interest is reinforced, but the U.S does not want to compromise the current international order.It concludes by highlighting the change in Chinese international strategy with Xi Jinping, who aims to achieve national regeneration of China, through the development of international institutions and norms that better represent their interests and obtain mutual gains, such as BRI.
This dissertation aims to understand if there are changes between the Foreign Policy of the People´s Republic of China (PRC) in relation to the United States of America (U.S.) in the era of Deng Xiaoping (1979-1992) and in the era of Xi Jinping (2013-2021). The methodology used was the qualitative approach, which allowed interpreting the facts and analyzing the differences in the Chinese foreign policy. China’s international rise resulting from the set of economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping, in the 1990’s, and the U.S. strategy of engagement contributed to the current Chinese leadership’s ambitions for a greater participation in the international order. With Xi Jinping, China thinks like a global power and proposes a global vision – “the construction of a common destiny community for humanity” – based on sovereign equality and common interests and responsibilities, appearing as an alternative to the current international order (led by the U.S.). The rise of China and the transition from Deng Xiaoping’s international strategy “keep a low profile” to Xi Jinping’s “striving for achievements” strategy has sparked worries and opposition among other regional powers, as well as the U.S. This new assertiveness of China resulted in the deterioration of the relationship with the U.S., which shifted from an “engagement” strategy to a “competitive” strategy with the Trump Administration (2017-2021), in an attempt to defend its national objectives and to resolve the security problem in the Asia-Pacific region. With the Biden Administration, the debate on U.S. cooperation with China in areas of common interest is reinforced, but the U.S does not want to compromise the current international order.It concludes by highlighting the change in Chinese international strategy with Xi Jinping, who aims to achieve national regeneration of China, through the development of international institutions and norms that better represent their interests and obtain mutual gains, such as BRI.
Descrição
Dissertação para a obtenção de grau de Mestre em Relações Internacionais
Palavras-chave
Política Externa Chinesa EUA Ordem Hegemónica Transição de Poder China’s Foreign Policy U.S. Hegemonic Order Power Transition
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Editora
Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas