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Functionalized drug delivery systems for cancer treatment
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O cancro é, hoje em dia, um problema a nível mundial, responsável por uma elevada taxa de morbilidade e mortalidade. Desde há muitos anos que as terapias mais utilizadas para tratar o cancro passam pela remoção cirúrgica do tumor, pela radioterapia e a quimioterapia. Embora estes tipos de terapias possam trazer bons resultados e melhorias, ainda existem muitas falhas tanto na erradicação completa de células tumorais como possíveis efeitos colaterais causados durante e após o tratamento . Com vista a superar estes obstáculos, muitas novas estratégias foram desenvolvidas para atingir especificamente células tumorais, deixando tecidos e células saudáveis sem danos, além de procurarem também melhorar o tempo de circulação, retenção nos tecidos-alvo e eficácia geral. Estes sistemas funcionalizados podem ser divididos em agentes “disruptivos vasculares” e inibidores da angiogénese, e funcionam bloqueando a vasculatura do tumor e impedindo a neovascularização, bloqueando a fonte de nutrientes e, consequentemente, o crescimento do cancro. Por sua vez, as estratégias mais recentes envolvem também nanopartículas que encapsulam fármacos no seu interior, que atingem de maneira passiva ou ativa as células tumorais e libertam o seu conteúdo no local alvo. A investigação de novos de novos tipos de recetores e respetivos ligandos expressados em células tumorais é preponderante para que novas estratégias possam ultrapassar os obstáculos correntes. Nesta dissertação de mestrado serão descritos os agentes, ligandos e meios de transporte atuais mais utilizados nos sistemas de veiculação funcionalizados e serão exemplificadas algumas dessas estratégias estão a ser estudadas todos os dias para melhorar o direcionamento específico e para melhorar os resultados na erradicação das células tumorais.
Cancer is now a worldwide problem, responsible for a high rate of morbidity and mortality. For many years, the primary used therapies to treat cancer were chirurgical removal of the cancer, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Although lots of times these types of therapies can bring good results, there is still many flaws when it comes both to eradicating the tumor cells completely and potential side effects either from radiation or chemical cytotoxicity. In an effort to overcome these obstacles, many new strategies have been developed to target cancer cells specifically, leaving the healthy tissue and cells unharmed, and also to improve circulation time, drug retention in tissues and general efficacy. These targeted drug delivery systems can be divided into Vascular Disruptive Agents and Angiogenesis Inhibitors which function by blocking the tumor vasculature and preventing neovascularization, consequently blocking the cancer source of nutrients and growth. Therefore, the most recent strategies are based in drug loaded nanoparticles, that can passively or actively target cancer cells through specific ligands and then release its content into the cancer tissue and cells. Investigation of new receptor types and their respective ligands expressed in tumor cells is essential for new techniques that can surpass current restrictions, clearance effect and tumor specificity without damaging the healthy cells and tissues. In this master thesis it is possible to understand what the current most used agents, ligands, and carriers in functionalized drug delivery systems and how new strategies are being studied every single day to better target and better perform in the eradication of cancer cells.
Cancer is now a worldwide problem, responsible for a high rate of morbidity and mortality. For many years, the primary used therapies to treat cancer were chirurgical removal of the cancer, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Although lots of times these types of therapies can bring good results, there is still many flaws when it comes both to eradicating the tumor cells completely and potential side effects either from radiation or chemical cytotoxicity. In an effort to overcome these obstacles, many new strategies have been developed to target cancer cells specifically, leaving the healthy tissue and cells unharmed, and also to improve circulation time, drug retention in tissues and general efficacy. These targeted drug delivery systems can be divided into Vascular Disruptive Agents and Angiogenesis Inhibitors which function by blocking the tumor vasculature and preventing neovascularization, consequently blocking the cancer source of nutrients and growth. Therefore, the most recent strategies are based in drug loaded nanoparticles, that can passively or actively target cancer cells through specific ligands and then release its content into the cancer tissue and cells. Investigation of new receptor types and their respective ligands expressed in tumor cells is essential for new techniques that can surpass current restrictions, clearance effect and tumor specificity without damaging the healthy cells and tissues. In this master thesis it is possible to understand what the current most used agents, ligands, and carriers in functionalized drug delivery systems and how new strategies are being studied every single day to better target and better perform in the eradication of cancer cells.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2019
Palavras-chave
Cancro Sistemas de veiculação funcionalizados Direcionamento Sistemas de veiculação Ligandos Mestrado Integrado - 2019