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Factores de stress, estratégias de coping e rendimento académico nos cadetes-alunos do 1º ano da Academia Militar
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Os estudantes do ensino superior militar constituem uma população sujeita a
elevados níveis de stress, particularmente durante o 1° ano de frequência da Academia
Militar. O facto dos cadetes-alunos estarem inseridos numa instituição altamente
estruturada que exige o cumprimento de normas e regras rígidas, apelando
paralelamente a elevados padrões de conduta éticos e morais, potencia o aparecimento
de reacções de stress. Com este trabalho, procuramos dar um contributo para o estudo
dos fenómenos stress e coping nos cadetes-alunos do 1º ano da Academia Militar,
desenvolvido à luz do Modelo Transaccional de stress proposto por Lazarus e Folkman
(1984) e complementado com uma revisão bibliográfica acerca da incidência dos dois
fenómenos no ensino superior civil e no ensino superior militar.
Com o objectivo de explorar as percepções que os cadetes-alunos do 1º ano da
AM têm acerca dos factores de stress ao nível académico, pessoal e institucional, e as
estratégias de coping utilizadas, desenvolvemos um primeiro estudo empírico. Ao nível
metodológico, o estudo é de carácter qualitativo, sendo a entrevista semi-directiva o
nosso instrumento de recolha de dados, e a técnica de análise de conteúdo o método de
análise de resultados. A amostra é constituída por oito cadetes-alunos da Academia
Militar. Observámos que os cadetes-alunos consideram os factores de stress de carácter
institucional como os mais geradores de stress, avaliam na maioria das vezes as
situações geradoras de stress como uma Ameaça e utilizam com mais frequência as
estratégias de coping centradas na resolução de problemas. Posteriormente, realizamos um segundo estudo empírico, no qual contribuímos
para a elaboração de um questionário de factores de stress característicos do contexto da
AM (QFSAM) e procedemos a uma análise da relação entre factores de stress,
estratégias de coping e rendimento académico. Neste estudo participaram 116 cadetes-alunos.
A nivel metodológico, utilizamos como instrumento de recolha de dados dois
questionários, cujos resultados são trabalhados numa perspectiva quantitativa de análise
estatística descritiva, correlacionai, preditiva e de moderação. Os resultados obtidos
revelam que existe uma relação significativa entre determinados factores de stress a
utilização de determinadas estratégias de coping e o rendimento académico. Destaca-se
também o valor preditivo de alguns factores de stress em relação ao rendimento
académico e às estratégias de coping.
Em suma, este estudo permitiu-nos clarificar o tipo de percepção que uma
população tão específica, como os cadetes-alunos da AM, têm acerca dos factores de
stress, característicos do seu contexto de ensino e a forma como lidam com estes e o
impacto que estas variáveis têm no seu rendimento.
All the students of a military higher education system constitute a population constantly exposed to high levels of stress, especially during the first year of attendance in a Military Academy. These student-cadets are set in a highly organised institution which demands not only the total fulfilment of instructions and rigid rules but also high patterns in ethic and moral conduct. This reality promotes the rise and development of stress. Throughout this work, we intend to give a contribution to the study of the phenomena stress and coping in student-cadets in the first year in a Military Academy. Our analysis was based upon the Transactional Model of stress developed by Lazarus and Folkman (1984) and complemented with a bibliographical revision concerning the extent of occurrence of the two phenomena in both civil and military higher education. Our first empirical study was developed with the purpose of exploring the student-cadets* perceptions (first year in MA) of the real factors that arouse stress at an academical, intellectual, personal and institutional level, as well as their own coping techniques. At a methodological level, the study is of a qualitative nature and our main instrument of data- gathering is the semi-directive interview. Our method chosen for the analysis of results is the technique of content. The sample is constituted of eight student-cadets of the Military Academy. We observed that the student-cadets regard the stress factors of institutional character as the most relevant ones. Most of the time they see these stress-producing situations as a Menace to themselves and therefore they frequently use coping strategies focused on problem resolution. Subsequentiy, we performed a second empirical study to which we helped on the working up of a questionnaire related to stress factors peculiar in the sphere of the MA (QFSAM). We proceeded to an analysis on the relation among factors of stress, coping strategies and academical performance. 116 student-cadets took part in this study. At a methodological level, we use two questionnaires (QFSAM, COPE) as an instrument of data-gathering, whose results are worked in a quantitative perspective of a statistical analysis based on a descriptive, correlative, predictive and prudent method (statistical analysis of moderation). The acquired results expose a significative relation between certain factors of stress the practice of certain coping strategies and the academical performance. The predictive value of some factors of stress in relation to academical performance and coping strategies is also pointed out. In short, this study enabled us to clarify the type of perception that a so specific group, like the student-cadets of the MA, have about the factors of stress, peculiar in their own sphere, and how they cope with them.
All the students of a military higher education system constitute a population constantly exposed to high levels of stress, especially during the first year of attendance in a Military Academy. These student-cadets are set in a highly organised institution which demands not only the total fulfilment of instructions and rigid rules but also high patterns in ethic and moral conduct. This reality promotes the rise and development of stress. Throughout this work, we intend to give a contribution to the study of the phenomena stress and coping in student-cadets in the first year in a Military Academy. Our analysis was based upon the Transactional Model of stress developed by Lazarus and Folkman (1984) and complemented with a bibliographical revision concerning the extent of occurrence of the two phenomena in both civil and military higher education. Our first empirical study was developed with the purpose of exploring the student-cadets* perceptions (first year in MA) of the real factors that arouse stress at an academical, intellectual, personal and institutional level, as well as their own coping techniques. At a methodological level, the study is of a qualitative nature and our main instrument of data- gathering is the semi-directive interview. Our method chosen for the analysis of results is the technique of content. The sample is constituted of eight student-cadets of the Military Academy. We observed that the student-cadets regard the stress factors of institutional character as the most relevant ones. Most of the time they see these stress-producing situations as a Menace to themselves and therefore they frequently use coping strategies focused on problem resolution. Subsequentiy, we performed a second empirical study to which we helped on the working up of a questionnaire related to stress factors peculiar in the sphere of the MA (QFSAM). We proceeded to an analysis on the relation among factors of stress, coping strategies and academical performance. 116 student-cadets took part in this study. At a methodological level, we use two questionnaires (QFSAM, COPE) as an instrument of data-gathering, whose results are worked in a quantitative perspective of a statistical analysis based on a descriptive, correlative, predictive and prudent method (statistical analysis of moderation). The acquired results expose a significative relation between certain factors of stress the practice of certain coping strategies and the academical performance. The predictive value of some factors of stress in relation to academical performance and coping strategies is also pointed out. In short, this study enabled us to clarify the type of perception that a so specific group, like the student-cadets of the MA, have about the factors of stress, peculiar in their own sphere, and how they cope with them.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado em Ciências da Educação (Área de especialização em Psicologia da Educação: Auto-Regulação da Aprendizagem), apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, 2005
Palavras-chave
Teses de mestrado - 2005 Stress Coping Rendimento dos alunos Ensino superior militar