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The continuous CO2 uptake by the oceans is changing the seawater chemistry and is estimated to lead to a drop of 0.4-0.5 units in seawater pH by the end of the century [1]. Concomitantly, the oceans are also becoming warmer, and the global sea surface temperature is expected to increase about 4°C by 2100 [2]. Early life stages are expected to be the most vulnerable to climate changes as they lack of well-developed gills with specialized ion-regulatory mechanisms to regulate and maintain their internal ionic environment [3-5]. Nevertheless the knowledge of their capacity to cope under such conditions remains poorly understood.
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Cambridge University Press