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Ao longo do último século, uma das principais conquistas da política social no mundo ocidental foi a rápida redução dos níveis de pobreza na velhice, alcançada principalmente com a introdução e desenvolvimento dos sistemas de pensões no final do século XIX e início do século XX. Esses sistemas, ancorados em mecanismos de seguro social, foram complementados com programas de assistência social não contributivos, especialmente voltados para a proteção dos idosos em situação de vulnerabilidade. O welfare state, especialmente embasado na prosperidade do pós-guerra, representou um esforço de reconstrução econômica, moral e política, com o objetivo de promover segurança no emprego e ganhos como direitos de cidadania, além de justiça social, solidariedade e universalismo. A gestão multilateral do capitalismo, sustentada pela fixação das taxas de câmbio nacionais, a permissão de medidas de controle de capitais e a criação de mecanismos para reequilibrar os balanços de pagamentos de países em risco – pilares fundadores de Bretton Woods – fortaleceram e legitimaram o arranjo internacional fundado em bases estatais. Desta forma, as fronteiras nacionais, o Estado-Nação, as políticas econômicas governamentais cumpriram, nesse período, um papel fundamental no tabuleiro internacional e foram a salvaguarda para as estratégias de desenvolvimento econômico executadas por esses Estados. Foram arranjos indissociáveis que se retroalimentaram. Todavia, a dinâmica econômica mudou significativamente nas últimas décadas, afetando a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de pensões e seguridade social. O envelhecimento da população, resultado do aumento da expectativa de vida e da redução da taxa de fecundidade, coloca pressão sobre os sistemas previdenciários. A crise econômica, a desigualdade social, o desemprego estrutural e a globalização também contribuem para os desafios enfrentados pelos welfare states. Os sistemas de pensões, que foram inicialmente projetados em um contexto de crescimento econômico e estabilidade do emprego, se tornaram uma das principais rubricas de despesas nos orçamentos públicos. O envelhecimento da população intensificou a relação entre beneficiários e contribuintes, desafiando a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de repartição simples (pay-as-you-go). O cenário econômico e político contemporâneo trouxe novos desafios para o Estado de Bem-Estar Social. A globalização e as mudanças econômicas enfraqueceram as bases do welfare state fundado em Bretton Woods. O desemprego crônico, a flexibilização do trabalho e a desigualdade crescente agravam os problemas de sustentabilidade dos sistemas previdenciários. Nessa toada, os sistemas de seguridade social enfrentam uma crise financeira e de sustentabilidade, exigindo reformas estruturais profundas para garantir sua sobrevivência. Além disso, a crescente demanda por equidade na distribuição dos benefícios do Estado-providência reforça a necessidade de mudanças nos sistemas de pensão. As reformas em curso ao redor do mundo têm sido alvo de debates ideológicos, com propostas neoliberais ganhando protagonismo pela necessidade de controle financeiro em tempos de crise econômica mundial e austeridade permanente. A busca por compreender como essas dimensões repercutem nas reformas do Welfare State é fundamental para determinar as perspectivas para os sistemas de seguridade social no século XXI e sua sustentabilidade financeira.
Throughout the last century, one of the main achievements of social policy in the Western world was the rapid reduction of poverty levels in old age, primarily achieved through the introduction and development of pension systems in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These systems, anchored in social security mechanisms, were complemented with non-contributory social assistance programs, especially aimed at protecting vulnerable elderly individuals. The welfare state, particularly based on the post-war prosperity, represented an effort of economic, moral, and political reconstruction, with the aim of promoting job security and gains as citizenship rights, along with social justice, solidarity, and universalism. The multilateral management of capitalism, supported by fixed exchange rates, permission for capital controls, and the creation of mechanisms to rebalance the balance of payments for at-risk countries - the founding pillars of Bretton Woods - strengthened and legitimized the international arrangement based on state foundations. Thus, national borders, the nation-state, and government economic policies played a fundamental role in the international arena during this period and served as safeguards for the economic development strategies implemented by these states. These were inseparable arrangements that fed back into each other. However, the economic dynamics have changed significantly in recent decades, affecting the sustainability of pension and social security systems. The aging population, resulting from increased life expectancy and reduced fertility rates, puts pressure on pension systems. Economic crises, social inequality, structural unemployment, and globalization also contribute to the challenges faced by welfare states. Pension systems, initially designed in a context of economic growth and employment stability, have become one of the main items of expenditure in public budgets. The aging population has intensified the relationship between beneficiaries and contributors, challenging the sustainability of pay-as-you-go pension systems. The contemporary economic and political scenario has brought new challenges to the welfare state. Globalization and economic changes have weakened the foundations of the welfare state based on Bretton Woods. Chronic unemployment, labor market flexibility, and growing inequality further exacerbate the sustainability problems of pension systems. In this vein, social security systems face a financial and sustainability crisis, requiring deep structural reforms to ensure their survival. Additionally, the increasing demand for equity in the distribution of welfare state benefits reinforces the need for changes in pension systems. Ongoing reforms around the world have been the subject of ideological debates, with neoliberal proposals gaining prominence due to the need for financial control during times of global economic crisis and permanent austerity. Understanding how these dimensions impact welfare state reforms is essential to determine the prospects for social security systems in the 21st century and their financial sustainability.
Throughout the last century, one of the main achievements of social policy in the Western world was the rapid reduction of poverty levels in old age, primarily achieved through the introduction and development of pension systems in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These systems, anchored in social security mechanisms, were complemented with non-contributory social assistance programs, especially aimed at protecting vulnerable elderly individuals. The welfare state, particularly based on the post-war prosperity, represented an effort of economic, moral, and political reconstruction, with the aim of promoting job security and gains as citizenship rights, along with social justice, solidarity, and universalism. The multilateral management of capitalism, supported by fixed exchange rates, permission for capital controls, and the creation of mechanisms to rebalance the balance of payments for at-risk countries - the founding pillars of Bretton Woods - strengthened and legitimized the international arrangement based on state foundations. Thus, national borders, the nation-state, and government economic policies played a fundamental role in the international arena during this period and served as safeguards for the economic development strategies implemented by these states. These were inseparable arrangements that fed back into each other. However, the economic dynamics have changed significantly in recent decades, affecting the sustainability of pension and social security systems. The aging population, resulting from increased life expectancy and reduced fertility rates, puts pressure on pension systems. Economic crises, social inequality, structural unemployment, and globalization also contribute to the challenges faced by welfare states. Pension systems, initially designed in a context of economic growth and employment stability, have become one of the main items of expenditure in public budgets. The aging population has intensified the relationship between beneficiaries and contributors, challenging the sustainability of pay-as-you-go pension systems. The contemporary economic and political scenario has brought new challenges to the welfare state. Globalization and economic changes have weakened the foundations of the welfare state based on Bretton Woods. Chronic unemployment, labor market flexibility, and growing inequality further exacerbate the sustainability problems of pension systems. In this vein, social security systems face a financial and sustainability crisis, requiring deep structural reforms to ensure their survival. Additionally, the increasing demand for equity in the distribution of welfare state benefits reinforces the need for changes in pension systems. Ongoing reforms around the world have been the subject of ideological debates, with neoliberal proposals gaining prominence due to the need for financial control during times of global economic crisis and permanent austerity. Understanding how these dimensions impact welfare state reforms is essential to determine the prospects for social security systems in the 21st century and their financial sustainability.
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Pensões de reforma Segurança social Velhice Reformas Sustentabilidade Estado social Teses de doutoramento - 2024 Retirement pensions Social security Old age Reforms Sustainability Welfare state