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Salvação de migrantes e de refugiados no mar
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A travessia de pessoas, sejam elas migrantes, refugiadas, ou com qualquer outra qualificação que se lhes atribua, há algumas décadas tem causado preocupação da Comunidade Internacional. Assistência, que, neste trabalho, é entendida como qualquer ato de socorro, deve ser prestada por motivos humanitários, sendo que a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (CNUDM), no Art. 98.º, é o principal pilar de toda a legislação internacional. Destacam-se, nesta, as Convenções Internacionais sobre a Busca e o Salvamento Marítimos de 1979 (Convenção SAR), e sobre Salvação Marítima, de 1989 (Convenção SALVAGE).
Como é sabido, os Estados resistem bastante em oferecer proteção internacional aos indivíduos que dela necessitam nos fluxos mistos que tomam lugar, qualificando todos como ‘migrantes’. Há muita dificuldade, também, em reconhecer a aplicabilidade de direitos humanos quando exercem jurisdição em qualquer lugar no mar, nomeadamente nas operações de intercepção. Normas de direito do mar e de direito marítimo são invocadas para justificar atos que têm como consequência direta violações de direitos humanos, sem consideração para as obrigações assumidas internacionalmente.
Por exemplo, no mar territorial e na zona contígua, o Estado tem direito de evitar qualquer passagem não inofensiva. A violação de leis e regramentos migratórios é um dos itens citados pela Convenção que permite ao Estado costeiro tomar as medidas que entende necessárias para tal finalidade.
No entanto, as obrigações que têm como conteúdo direitos humanos são claras. Mesmo fora do território e do mar territorial (cujo estatuto se aproxima do território emerso), quando um Estado exerce jurisdição por qualquer pretexto, seja para direito de visita e inspeção, para operação de busca e salvamento, ou, igualmente, exerce força, os direitos humanos são aplicáveis, incluindo o direito dos refugiados e seu princípio non-refoulement.
Assim, tendo em vista as diferentes ordens jurídicas aplicáveis nos diversos lugares dos mares, deseja-se verificar os direitos e deveres estatais em relação a migrantes e refugiados que se lhes apresentam a solicitar proteção.
The crossing of people, be they migrants, refugees, or with any other qualification attributed to them, has caused concern to the International Community for some decades. Assistance, which in this work is understood as any act of relief, must be provided for humanitarian reasons, and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in Article 98 is the all international legislation. Of particular note are the 1979 International Conventions on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR Convention) and Maritime Salvage Conventions of 1989 (the SALVAGE Convention). As is well known, states are reluctant to offer international protection to individuals who need it in the mixed flows that take place, qualifying all as 'migrants'. There is also much difficulty in recognizing the applicability of human rights when exercising jurisdiction anywhere in the sea, including interception operations. Maritime law and maritime law standards are invoked to justify acts that directly result in human rights violations, regardless of international obligations. For example, in the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the State has the right to avoid any non-harmless passage. Violation of migratory laws and regulations is one of the items cited by the Convention which allows the coastal State to take the measures it deems necessary for that purpose. However, the obligations that have as content human rights are clear. Even outside the territory and the territorial sea (whose status approximates the territory that emerges), when a State exercises jurisdiction over any pretext, whether for visiting and inspection, search and rescue, or human rights are applicable, including refugee law and its non-refoulement principle. Thus, in view of the different legal orders applicable in the different places of the seas, it is desired to verify the state's rights and duties towards migrants and refugees who present themselves to request protection.
The crossing of people, be they migrants, refugees, or with any other qualification attributed to them, has caused concern to the International Community for some decades. Assistance, which in this work is understood as any act of relief, must be provided for humanitarian reasons, and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in Article 98 is the all international legislation. Of particular note are the 1979 International Conventions on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR Convention) and Maritime Salvage Conventions of 1989 (the SALVAGE Convention). As is well known, states are reluctant to offer international protection to individuals who need it in the mixed flows that take place, qualifying all as 'migrants'. There is also much difficulty in recognizing the applicability of human rights when exercising jurisdiction anywhere in the sea, including interception operations. Maritime law and maritime law standards are invoked to justify acts that directly result in human rights violations, regardless of international obligations. For example, in the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the State has the right to avoid any non-harmless passage. Violation of migratory laws and regulations is one of the items cited by the Convention which allows the coastal State to take the measures it deems necessary for that purpose. However, the obligations that have as content human rights are clear. Even outside the territory and the territorial sea (whose status approximates the territory that emerges), when a State exercises jurisdiction over any pretext, whether for visiting and inspection, search and rescue, or human rights are applicable, including refugee law and its non-refoulement principle. Thus, in view of the different legal orders applicable in the different places of the seas, it is desired to verify the state's rights and duties towards migrants and refugees who present themselves to request protection.
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Direito do mar Refugiados Salvamento Estado costeiro Migrantes Refugiados Teses de mestrado - 2020