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Causalidade implícita e cadeias correferenciais : produção de frases causais por nativos de chinês aprendentes de PE-L2
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Nas últimas décadas, a forma como é codificada e processada a informação léxicosemântica
sobre causalidade implícita (CI) de verbos de oração principal cujos
argumentos podem funcionar como antecedentes de uma forma pronominal
subsequente tem atraído a atenção de muitos investigadores, por contribuir para a
clarificação de como representações linguísticas e processos cognitivos intervêm no
processamento da informação verbal (Garvey e Caramazza, 1974; Brown e Fish, 1983;
Au, 1986; Rudolph e Försterling, 1997; Costa, 2003/2005; Hartshorne, J. K., 2014;
Cheng e Almor, 2017a). No entanto, a maioria dos estudos tem avaliado o desempenho
de falantes nativos na interpretação de pronomes em contexto de CI, não havendo
muitos trabalhos a avaliar o impacto da CI na produção de expressões correferenciais
em contextos da aquisição de uma segunda língua, o que constitui um novo cenário
interessante pelas novas variáveis que traz à discussão.
O presente trabalho examina o desempenho de aprendentes chineses de PE na produção
de cadeias correferenciais em contexto de CI, com o intuito de verificar a forma como
produzem cadeias correferenciais em contextos potencialmente condicionados pela
informação semântica e sintática.
Foram realizadas duas experiências de produção através de uma tarefa de
completamento de frases. Os resultados mostram que a informação léxico-semântica
de causalidade implícita, codificada na estrutura argumental do verbo e que faz parte
do núcleo da gramática, é mais fácil de adquirir pelos falantes de L2, enquanto a
estratégia da alternância pronome nulo/pleno para retomar um antecedente mais ou
menos acessível, que depende da integração de informação sintática e discursiva, não
está ainda adquirida pelos falantes de PE-L2. Mais especificamente, os resultados
mostram que na produção de cadeias correferenciais: (i) a informação semântica
determina predominantemente qual o argumento que com maior probabilidade será
retomado independentemente da sua função sintática, levando à retoma do argumento
com o papel semântico aspetualmente mais alto no evento descrito, como descrito em
estudos anteriores (Costa 2003/2005; Rohde e Kehler, 2014), (ii) a informação sintática
influencia a forma da expressão anafórica, sendo as formas reduzidas escolhidas para
retomar antecedentes com funções sintáticas mais proeminentes (Ariel, 2001;
Carminati, 2002; Costa 2003/2005). Contudo, as estratégias observadas no desempenho
dos sujeitos aprendentes de L2 não se sobrepõem inteiramente às dos sujeitos nativos,
o que pode ser atribuído ao processo de aquisição da L2, tendo em conta teorias da
aquisição de L2 e o nível de proficiência em L2 dos sujeitos testados.
Over the past few decades, verb’s implicit causality, the lexical-semantic information of a verb whose arguments in the main clause can be the antecedent of a subsequent anaphoric expression, has become a factor that attracts the attention of many researchers, for contributing to the clarification of how linguistic representations and cognitive processes intervene in the processing of verbal information (Garvey & Caramazza, 1974; Brown & Fish, 1983; Au, 1986; Rudolph & Försterling, 1997; Costa, 2003/2005; Hartshorne, J. K., 2014; Cheng & Almor, 2017a). However, while most studies have evaluated the performance of native speakers in the interpretation of pronouns in the context of implicit causality, few researches focused on the influence of implicit causality and syntactic functions in the production of coreferential expressions in the context of second language acquisition, which constitutes a new interesting scenario for those new variables. The present work looks into the performance of Chinese learners of European Portuguese in the production of coreferential chains in the context of implicit causality, in order to verify the way they produce coreferential chains under constraints of semantic and syntactic information. Two experimental studies of production were carried out through a phrase completion task, and the results show that the lexical-semantic information of implicit causality, encoded in the argument structure of verbs and that is part of the core grammar, is less difficult to be acquired by L2 speakers, while the null/realized pronoun shift strategy to refer a more or less accessible antecedent, which depends on the integration of syntactic and discursive information, is not acquired entirely by the speakers of PE-L2. More specifically, the results show that in the production of correferential chains, (i) the semantic information predominantly determines which argument is most likely to be referred independent of its syntactic function, leading to the reference of the argument with the aspectually highest semantic role in the event described, as were described in previous studies (Costa 2003/2005; Rohde & Kehler, 2014), (ii) the syntactic information influences the form of anaphoric expression, leading to the expected relationship between the variation of prominence of the antecedent and the variation of form of the anaphoric expression (Ariel, 2001; Carminati, 2002; Costa 2003/2005). However, the strategies observed in the performance of L2 speakers do not overlap entirely with those of native subjects, which can be attributed to the process of the acquisition of L2, taking into account theories of the L2 acquisition and the proficiency level in L2 of the participants.
Over the past few decades, verb’s implicit causality, the lexical-semantic information of a verb whose arguments in the main clause can be the antecedent of a subsequent anaphoric expression, has become a factor that attracts the attention of many researchers, for contributing to the clarification of how linguistic representations and cognitive processes intervene in the processing of verbal information (Garvey & Caramazza, 1974; Brown & Fish, 1983; Au, 1986; Rudolph & Försterling, 1997; Costa, 2003/2005; Hartshorne, J. K., 2014; Cheng & Almor, 2017a). However, while most studies have evaluated the performance of native speakers in the interpretation of pronouns in the context of implicit causality, few researches focused on the influence of implicit causality and syntactic functions in the production of coreferential expressions in the context of second language acquisition, which constitutes a new interesting scenario for those new variables. The present work looks into the performance of Chinese learners of European Portuguese in the production of coreferential chains in the context of implicit causality, in order to verify the way they produce coreferential chains under constraints of semantic and syntactic information. Two experimental studies of production were carried out through a phrase completion task, and the results show that the lexical-semantic information of implicit causality, encoded in the argument structure of verbs and that is part of the core grammar, is less difficult to be acquired by L2 speakers, while the null/realized pronoun shift strategy to refer a more or less accessible antecedent, which depends on the integration of syntactic and discursive information, is not acquired entirely by the speakers of PE-L2. More specifically, the results show that in the production of correferential chains, (i) the semantic information predominantly determines which argument is most likely to be referred independent of its syntactic function, leading to the reference of the argument with the aspectually highest semantic role in the event described, as were described in previous studies (Costa 2003/2005; Rohde & Kehler, 2014), (ii) the syntactic information influences the form of anaphoric expression, leading to the expected relationship between the variation of prominence of the antecedent and the variation of form of the anaphoric expression (Ariel, 2001; Carminati, 2002; Costa 2003/2005). However, the strategies observed in the performance of L2 speakers do not overlap entirely with those of native subjects, which can be attributed to the process of the acquisition of L2, taking into account theories of the L2 acquisition and the proficiency level in L2 of the participants.
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Língua portuguesa - Estudo e ensino - Falantes do chinês Co-referência Sujeito nulo Teses de mestrado - 2019