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Cuanhama: estratégias internas e prelúdio da perda da sua autonomia (1900-1915)
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Desde que se fixaram no seu actual território, que se encontra distribuído pelas regiões
sul e norte das repúblicas de Angola e da Namíbia, os cuanhamas criaram e fortaleceram as
suas instituições e abandonaram algumas delas para agilizarem os mecanismos da sua
sociedade. O seu grande salto qualitativo aconteceu quando começaram a acumular grandes
riquezas, respeitantes aos produtos procurados pelo comércio internacional e pelos produtos
que adquiriam aos estrangeiros.
Por volta de 1891, o povo cuanhama começou a sentir a pressão exercida pelos
portugueses com o objectivo de ocuparem os seus territórios. Os africanos responderam a esta
pressão impedindo, durante vinte e quatro anos, os estrangeiros de alcançarem os seus
propósitos.
Este trabalho tem como objectivo saber quais foram as estratégias utilizadas pelos
cuanhamas nas suas relações com os europeus e como foi a sua evolução, após os primeiros
contactos, de maneira a manterem a sua autonomia. Os africanos privilegiaram a via
diplomática para evitarem um confronto militar com os portugueses e impedirem a ocupação
do seu território, mas, tendo em conta a progressão daqueles, os cuanhamas, dentro das suas
possibilidades, armaram-se e preparam-se para o conflito bélico.
Em 1915, os africanos estavam enfraquecidos por não terem conseguido fazer frente às
catástrofes ambientais que geraram fome, tumultos sociais e milhares de mortos que
consequentemente contribuíram para a queda do principal objectivo do povo cuanhama, ou
seja, a defesa do seu território. Apesar de todas estas contrariedades, enfrentaram os
portugueses na sua caminhada para o sul e criaram-lhes grandes dificuldades, pois estes nem
sempre tiveram em consideração a capacidade militar dos cuanhamas. Contudo, o povo
cuanhama acabou por ser derrotado nas cacimbas da Môngua, o que conduziu à desagregação
das elites dirigentes e à perda de influência dos espaços africanos e de algumas das suas
instituições.
Abstract: Since settled in their current territory, which is distributed to the south and north regions of the Republics of Angola and Namibia, the Kwanyama created and strengthened their institutions and left some of them to streamline the mechanisms of their society. Their qualitative leap happened when they started accumulating great wealth, represented by the products demanded by international trade and the products acquired to foreigners. Around 1891, the Africans began to feel the pressure exerted by the Portuguese in order to occupy their territories. The Kwanyama responded to this pressure by preventing foreigners, for twenty-four years to achieve their objectives. This work aims to know what were the strategies used by Kwanyama in their relations with European and how it has developed, after the first contact, in order to maintain their autonomy. The Africans privileged the diplomatic channels to prevent the occupation of their territory and to avoid all possibilities of military confrontations with the Portuguese, but, based on the progression of those, sought to arm themselves and prepare to war. In 1915, Africans were weakened because they weren´t able to cope with environmental disasters that led to famine, social unrest and thousands of dead. Consequently Kwanyama’s main objective falls apart, namely the defense of their territory. Despite all these setbacks, the Kwanyama faced the Portuguese on their journey to the south and created them great difficulties, because the Portuguese have not always considered the military capacity of Africans. Still the Kwanyama were defeated in the ponds of Môngua, which led to the breakdown of the elites leader and the loss of influence of African spaces and some of its institutions.
Abstract: Since settled in their current territory, which is distributed to the south and north regions of the Republics of Angola and Namibia, the Kwanyama created and strengthened their institutions and left some of them to streamline the mechanisms of their society. Their qualitative leap happened when they started accumulating great wealth, represented by the products demanded by international trade and the products acquired to foreigners. Around 1891, the Africans began to feel the pressure exerted by the Portuguese in order to occupy their territories. The Kwanyama responded to this pressure by preventing foreigners, for twenty-four years to achieve their objectives. This work aims to know what were the strategies used by Kwanyama in their relations with European and how it has developed, after the first contact, in order to maintain their autonomy. The Africans privileged the diplomatic channels to prevent the occupation of their territory and to avoid all possibilities of military confrontations with the Portuguese, but, based on the progression of those, sought to arm themselves and prepare to war. In 1915, Africans were weakened because they weren´t able to cope with environmental disasters that led to famine, social unrest and thousands of dead. Consequently Kwanyama’s main objective falls apart, namely the defense of their territory. Despite all these setbacks, the Kwanyama faced the Portuguese on their journey to the south and created them great difficulties, because the Portuguese have not always considered the military capacity of Africans. Still the Kwanyama were defeated in the ponds of Môngua, which led to the breakdown of the elites leader and the loss of influence of African spaces and some of its institutions.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Cuanhama (Povo de África) - História Cuanhama (Povo de África) - Identidade colectiva Portugal - Colónias - África - Administração Teses de mestrado - 2015