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Traditional and new forms of tobacco: impacts on health
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Os novos produtos à base de tabaco são a resposta inovadora criada pelas tabaqueiras à alteração
brusca registada nas preferências dos seus utilizadores que conduziu à descida acentuada da
venda de cigarros de combustão. Este ponto de inflexão na ”epidemia do fumo” registou-se no
início dos anos 50 quando começaram a ser publicitados estudos que correlacionavam o fumo de
tabaco com patologias concretas, incluindo diferentes tipos de cancro. Tendo-se tornado crescentemente
populares em anos recentes, os novos produtos à base de tabaco como os e-cigarros
e os produtos à base de tabaco aquecido foram percecionados pelas massas como sendo preferíveis ao tabaco, tanto a nível social ( estes dispositivos não emitem fumo e proporcionam
uma experiência de uso mais limpa e discreta) como sobretudo ao nível do impacto na saúde
( menos danosos que cigarros). Contudo, o verdadeiro impacto destas novas formas de tabaco
na saúde tem sido publicitado de forma por vezes enganosa, navegando a ambiguidade entre
”risco minorado” e ”isento de risco”. Através de uma revisão literária detalhada, contrastando
resultados obtidos por pesquisa promovida por empresas no sector e por fontes independentes,
foi exposta e analisada a composição qualitativa e quantitativa dos aerossóis formados por novos
produtos à base de tabaco e o fumo de cigarros tradicionais. Devido a conteúdos qualitativamente
semelhantes na composições destas emissões gasosas, são esperados efeitos secundários
semelhantes aos induzidos pelo fumo de cigarros em novos produtos à base de tabaco, em
especial no que toca a : dano endotelial e cardiovascular e imunosupressão pulmonar. A hepatotoxicidade
é mencionada como um efeito colateral inesperado associado a produtos de tabaco
aquecido. Dito isto, resultados obtidos entre as fontes literárias consultadas sugerem que, comparativamente
aos cigarros, os cigarros eletrónicos são a categoria de novos produtos `a base de
tabaco que representam um menor risco para a saúde dos seus utilizadores, ressalvando contudo
a necessidade de mais pesquisa neste tópico. Por último, o caso específico do IQOS foi
descrito com maior destaque, não só pela sua prevalência a nível comercial mas também por se
tratar de um exemplo flagrante do impacto pernicioso da investigação subsidiada e promovida
pela indústria tabaqueira na manipulação da perceção dos seus consumidores. Dados gerados
pela empresa, como resultados dos seus testes clínicos e as suas afirmações publicitárias foram
contrastadas com resultados provenientes de projetos de pesquisa independentes.
New tobacco products are tobacco conglomerates’ innovative response to a drastic shift in customers preferences which has ultimately triggered a decline in combustion cigarettes’ sales. This pivotal point in the smoking epidemic began in the early 1950s as research correlating smoking with different diseases, including various types of cancer, started becoming widely publicized. Having become increasingly popular in recent years, new tobacco products as ecigarettes and heated tobacco products have been perceived by the masses as being preferable to tobacco, both in social terms (this smoke free devices provide a more discreet and clean experience) and mostly heath wise (less harmful than traditional cigarettes). However, these new tobacco forms’ true impact on health has been marketed in an at times misleading way, navigating the ambiguity between ”decreased” and ”null” impact on health. Through a thorough literature review, contrasting industry funded and independently generated research, the similar qualitative and quantitative composition in new tobacco forms’ aerosols and traditional cigarettes’ smoke was exposed and analysed. Due to similarities in its gaseous emissions’ contents, expected side effects from new and traditional tobacco products were concluded to be coincident as far as endothelial and cardiovascular injury and pulmonary immunosupression were concerned. Hepatotoxicity was regarded as an unexpected side effect from heated tobacco products. With that said, results derived from consulted research papers suggest e-cigarettes to be the less harmful new tobacco product once compared to traditional cigarettes, despite acknowledging that further research is needed in this matter. Lastly, the case of IQOS was described in greater detail, not only for its commercial prevalence but also because it is a flagrant example of the pernicious impact from industry funded research on conditioning the users’ perceptions. Company generated research, as results from its clinical studies were analysed and its marketing claims confronted with results from independent research on the topic.
New tobacco products are tobacco conglomerates’ innovative response to a drastic shift in customers preferences which has ultimately triggered a decline in combustion cigarettes’ sales. This pivotal point in the smoking epidemic began in the early 1950s as research correlating smoking with different diseases, including various types of cancer, started becoming widely publicized. Having become increasingly popular in recent years, new tobacco products as ecigarettes and heated tobacco products have been perceived by the masses as being preferable to tobacco, both in social terms (this smoke free devices provide a more discreet and clean experience) and mostly heath wise (less harmful than traditional cigarettes). However, these new tobacco forms’ true impact on health has been marketed in an at times misleading way, navigating the ambiguity between ”decreased” and ”null” impact on health. Through a thorough literature review, contrasting industry funded and independently generated research, the similar qualitative and quantitative composition in new tobacco forms’ aerosols and traditional cigarettes’ smoke was exposed and analysed. Due to similarities in its gaseous emissions’ contents, expected side effects from new and traditional tobacco products were concluded to be coincident as far as endothelial and cardiovascular injury and pulmonary immunosupression were concerned. Hepatotoxicity was regarded as an unexpected side effect from heated tobacco products. With that said, results derived from consulted research papers suggest e-cigarettes to be the less harmful new tobacco product once compared to traditional cigarettes, despite acknowledging that further research is needed in this matter. Lastly, the case of IQOS was described in greater detail, not only for its commercial prevalence but also because it is a flagrant example of the pernicious impact from industry funded research on conditioning the users’ perceptions. Company generated research, as results from its clinical studies were analysed and its marketing claims confronted with results from independent research on the topic.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2024, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Tobacco E-cigarettes HTPs IQOS Health risks Mestrado integrado - 2024