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Resumo(s)
A Síndrome de Apneia/ Hipopneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAHOS) é o distúrbio respiratório do sono mais prevalente nas sociedades industrializadas e acarreta importantes complicações, tais como hipertensão, enfarte agudo do miocárdio, depressão, ansiedade, acidente vascular cerebral e diabetes tipo 2, bem como um aumento da taxa de mortalidade global. A epidemiologia, fisiopatologia e manifestações clínicas parecem diferir entre o sexo masculino e feminino o que poderá levar a importantes implicações diagnósticas e terapêuticas. De facto, as mulheres apresentam sintomas menos típicos, tais como fadiga diurna, falta de energia, insónia, cefaleia matinal e perturbações psiquiátricas, como ansiedade e depressão, em vez dos sintomas típicos, mais prevalentes nos homens, como ressonar, apneias presenciadas e a hipersonolência diurna. Apresentam também mais complicações e maior mortalidade associada, sendo, por outro lado, a população mais subdiagnosticada e subtratada. Concomitantemente, o sexo feminino parece apresentar uma fisiopatologia e prevalência variáveis com a idade e estado fisiológico, como ocorre na menopausa e gravidez, bem como um vasto leque de diagnósticos diferenciais. Todos estes fatores podem contribuir para o maior subdiagnóstico desta patologia nesta população. Esta Tese Final de Mestrado tem como principal objetivo a discussão das possíveis diferenças fisiopatológicas entre géneros e como estas se refletem ao nível da epidemiologia e manifestações clínicas desta doença enquanto, simultaneamente, se analisa quais são as principais repercussões destas diferenças ao nível do diagnóstico e tratamento de SAHOS.
Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is the most prevalent form of sleep disordered breathing in industrialised societies and is associated with important comorbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, depression, anxiety and type 2 diabetes and an overall increased mortality rate. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation may differ between genders which may lead to important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. In fact, most women present with atypical symptoms such as daytime fatigue, lack of energy, insomnia, morning headaches and mood disturbances. Instead, men are more likely to complain of typical symptoms, such as snoring, recurrent episodes of apnea during sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness. Women are also more prone to have comorbidities and an increased mortality rate. However, this population is the one most underdiagnosed and undertreated. Simultaneously, females appear to have a pathophysiology and prevalence that varies with age and physiological status, such as in menopause and pregnancy. They also have a wide degree of differential diagnosis. All these factors combined may contribute to the underdiagnosis in this population. This Master Thesis is aimed at discussing the main differences in pathophysiology between genders and how these influence the epidemiology and clinical presentation of OSAHS. It will also be analysed the main repercussions of these differences in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is the most prevalent form of sleep disordered breathing in industrialised societies and is associated with important comorbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, depression, anxiety and type 2 diabetes and an overall increased mortality rate. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation may differ between genders which may lead to important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. In fact, most women present with atypical symptoms such as daytime fatigue, lack of energy, insomnia, morning headaches and mood disturbances. Instead, men are more likely to complain of typical symptoms, such as snoring, recurrent episodes of apnea during sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness. Women are also more prone to have comorbidities and an increased mortality rate. However, this population is the one most underdiagnosed and undertreated. Simultaneously, females appear to have a pathophysiology and prevalence that varies with age and physiological status, such as in menopause and pregnancy. They also have a wide degree of differential diagnosis. All these factors combined may contribute to the underdiagnosis in this population. This Master Thesis is aimed at discussing the main differences in pathophysiology between genders and how these influence the epidemiology and clinical presentation of OSAHS. It will also be analysed the main repercussions of these differences in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2020
Palavras-chave
Síndrome de apneia/ hipopneia obstrutiva do sono Distúrbio respiratório do sono Género Otorrinolaringologia
