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Strategies to reduce health inequalities : the example of COVID-19 vaccination
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Resumo(s)
Objetivo: Este estudo procurou identificar boas práticas de vacinação que tenham sido implementadas durante a pandemia COVID-19 para a melhoria da cobertura de vacinação em países africanos, e compilar recomendações que possam ser aplicadas a outras iniciativas de vacinação no continente africano, em contexto pós-pandémico.
Metodologia: Para atingir esses objetivos, pesquisou-se em sites de organizações internacionais para contextualizar o tema em questão. Em seguida, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura utilizando o PubMed, com base em palavras-chave predefinidas, “Africa”; “COVID-19”; “Vacinação”; “Estratégias”, e critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os artigos extraídos foram registados e analisados. O critério de inclusão compreendeu artigos cujo acesso integral era possível e publicados nos anos de 2020 a 2023. Os critérios de exclusão englobaram a ausência de referências a países africanos, vacinas ou COVID-19; ou nenhuma referência a boas práticas ou recomendações.
Resultados: Dos 464 artigos inicialmente identificados, 392 foram excluídos: 150 não tinham referências a países africanos, vacinas ou COVID-19, 216 não se concentravam em boas práticas ou recomendações e 26 eram duplicados. Entre os 72 inicialmente selecionados para análise integral, 18 seriam excluídos e 13 artigos adicionais viriam a ser identificados, dos quais 5 foram excluídos. Ao todo, foram analisados integralmente 85 artigos, dos quais 62 foram incluídos neste estudo. De seguida, procedeu-se à sumarização das boas práticas e recomendações referidas nos artigos incluídos.
Conclusão: O estudo destaca boas práticas e recomendações para garantir um acesso equitativo a vacinas em África, considerando lições da pandemia de COVID-19. Os resultados permitem identificar abordagens comunitárias, estratégias de comunicação coesa para enfrentar a hesitação vacinal e práticas que promovam a sustentabilidade operacional, como compartilhamento de dados em tempo real. Além disso, este estudo recomenda o estabelecimento de um modelo global de partilha de riscos para superar a lacuna na disponibilidade de vacinas verificada em alguns países africanos, e reforça a necessidade de serem produzidas orientações internacionais que capitalizem as lições da vacinação durante a pandemia para outras iniciativas de imunização que podem contribuir para o alcance dos objetivos da Agenda de Imunização 2030.
Objective: This study aimed to identify vaccination best practices implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic to enhance vaccination coverage in African countries and to compile recommendations derived from these practices to apply to other vaccination initiatives on the African continent in a post-pandemic context. Method: To achieve these objectives, international organizations websites were consulted to contextualize the subject. Subsequently, a literature review was conducted using PubMed, based on predefined keywords: "Africa," "COVID-19," "Vaccination," "Strategies," and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Extracted articles were recorded and analyzed. The inclusion criterion encompassed articles with possible full access published from 2020 to 2023. Exclusion criteria included the absence of references to African countries, vaccines, or COVID-19, or those with no mention of best practices or recommendations. Results: From the initially identified 464 articles, 392 were excluded: 150 lacked references to African countries, vaccines, or COVID-19, 216 did not focus on best practices or recommendations, and 26 were duplicates. Among the 72 initially selected for comprehensive analysis, 18 were excluded, and 13 additional articles were identified, of which 5 were excluded. In total, 85 articles were comprehensively analyzed, with 62 included in this study. The best practices and recommendations mentioned in the included articles were then summarized. Conclusion: The study highlights best practices and recommendations to ensure equitable access to vaccines in Africa, considering lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. The results help identify community-centric approaches, cohesive communication strategies to address vaccine hesitancy, and practices promoting operational sustainability, such as real-time data sharing. Furthermore, this study advocates for the establishment of a global risk-sharing model to overcome the vaccine availability gap observed in some African countries and emphasizes the need for international guidelines that leverage on vaccination lessons from the pandemic for other immunization initiatives, contributing to achieving the goals of the Immunization Agenda 2030.
Objective: This study aimed to identify vaccination best practices implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic to enhance vaccination coverage in African countries and to compile recommendations derived from these practices to apply to other vaccination initiatives on the African continent in a post-pandemic context. Method: To achieve these objectives, international organizations websites were consulted to contextualize the subject. Subsequently, a literature review was conducted using PubMed, based on predefined keywords: "Africa," "COVID-19," "Vaccination," "Strategies," and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Extracted articles were recorded and analyzed. The inclusion criterion encompassed articles with possible full access published from 2020 to 2023. Exclusion criteria included the absence of references to African countries, vaccines, or COVID-19, or those with no mention of best practices or recommendations. Results: From the initially identified 464 articles, 392 were excluded: 150 lacked references to African countries, vaccines, or COVID-19, 216 did not focus on best practices or recommendations, and 26 were duplicates. Among the 72 initially selected for comprehensive analysis, 18 were excluded, and 13 additional articles were identified, of which 5 were excluded. In total, 85 articles were comprehensively analyzed, with 62 included in this study. The best practices and recommendations mentioned in the included articles were then summarized. Conclusion: The study highlights best practices and recommendations to ensure equitable access to vaccines in Africa, considering lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. The results help identify community-centric approaches, cohesive communication strategies to address vaccine hesitancy, and practices promoting operational sustainability, such as real-time data sharing. Furthermore, this study advocates for the establishment of a global risk-sharing model to overcome the vaccine availability gap observed in some African countries and emphasizes the need for international guidelines that leverage on vaccination lessons from the pandemic for other immunization initiatives, contributing to achieving the goals of the Immunization Agenda 2030.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2023, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Africa COVID-19 Vaccination recommendations Vaccine access Vaccination coverage Mestrado Integrado - 2023