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A actividade biológica dos óleos essenciais, sua aplicação e potencialidades
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Esta monografia consiste numa revisão sistemática da literatura e tem como objetivo dar a conhecer a atividade biológica dos óleos essenciais, assim como as suas aplicações e potencialidades no dia a dia.
Os óleos essenciais (OEs) são óleos muito concentrados, de misturas complexas de substâncias. São voláteis, hidrofóbicos, solúveis em álcool, óleos e ceras, pouco solúveis em água e geralmente apresentam uma coloração amarelada.
São usados há vários séculos e em todo o mundo, não só para finalidades cosméticas, mas também como promotores da saúde. Actualmente, a sua popularidade tem vindo a aumentar por várias razões, como a actual moda ecológica e a crescente desconfiança para com as substâncias sintéticas.
A aromaterapia consiste no uso destes óleos com objectivo terapêutico, nomeadamente na manutenção do bem-estar, e tem vindo a ganhar bastante destaque nos últimos anos. Os OEs podem ser administrados por via inalatória, oral e tópica, sendo que após a sua absorção, são libertados na circulação sanguínea, podendo ir actuar no sistema límbico.
São produtos extraídos de diversas famílias de plantas, como da Lamiaceae, da Myrtaceae, da Rutaceae e da Asteraceae, e através de diversos métodos de extracção que podem ser agrupados em convencionais (como a hidrodestilação e a destilação a vapor) e inovadores (como a extracção assistida por microondas e a extracção com fluido supercrítico).
A composição química dos OEs varia entre espécies de plantas e depende de vários factores externos, nomeadamente das boas práticas de extracção do óleo em si e da sua correcta conservação. Alguns dos componentes maioritários pertencem à classe dos terpenos, como o linalol e o geraniol, dos óxidos, como o 1,8 – cineol, e dos fenóis, como o carvacrol, eugenol e timol.
Os componentes presentes nos OEs conferem-lhes actividade biológica, que pode ter imensas potencialidades nos dias de hoje. Sabe-se que estes óleos podem possuir acção antibacteriana, antifúngica, antiviral, anti-inflamatória, antiparasitária, anticancerígena, entre outras. Por exemplo, o óleo essencial de Citrus limonum (limão) possui como constituinte maioritário o limoneno, que lhe confere propriedades antibacterianas e antivirais.
Esta actividade biológica torna-os potenciais candidatos em diversas áreas, nomeadamente na preservação alimentar, no controlo de pestes, no controlo da ansiedade, na cosmética, entre outras. Estes óleos têm vindo a ser alvo de vários estudos que os validem como alternativas seguras e amigas do ambiente a métodos tradicionais.
This dissertation consists of a systematic review of the literature and aims to make known the biological activity of essential oils, as well as their applications and potential in everyday life. Essential oils (OEs) are highly concentrated oils, from complex mixtures of substances. They are volatile, hydrophobic, soluble in alcohol, oils and waxes, poorly soluble in water and generally have a yellowish color. They have been used all over the world for centuries, not only for cosmetic purposes, but also as health promoters. Currently, its popularity has been increasing for several reasons, such as the current ecological awareness and the growing distrust of synthetic substances. Aromatherapy consists of the use of these oils for therapeutic purposes, namely in maintaining well-being, and has been gaining prominence in recent years. OEs can be administered by inhalation, orally and topically, and after their absorption, they are released into the bloodstream and can act on the limbic system. They are products extracted from different plant families, such as Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae and Asteraceae, and through several extraction methods that can be grouped into conventional ones (such as hydrodistillation and steam distillation) and innovative (such as microwave assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction). The chemical composition of OEs varies between plant species and depends on several external factors, namely the good practices of extracting the oil itself and its correct conservation. Some of the major components belong to the class of terpenes, such as linalool and geraniol, of oxides, such as 1.8 - cineole, and phenols, such as carvacrol, eugenol and thymol. The components present in OEs have biological activity, which can have immense potential nowadays. It is known that these oils can have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, anti-cancer, among others. For example, the essential oil of Citrus limonum (lemon) has limonene as its major constituent, which gives it antibacterial and antiviral properties. This biological activity makes them potential candidates in several areas, namely food preservation, pest control, anxiety control, cosmetics, among others. These oils have been the target of several studies that validate them as safe and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional methods.
This dissertation consists of a systematic review of the literature and aims to make known the biological activity of essential oils, as well as their applications and potential in everyday life. Essential oils (OEs) are highly concentrated oils, from complex mixtures of substances. They are volatile, hydrophobic, soluble in alcohol, oils and waxes, poorly soluble in water and generally have a yellowish color. They have been used all over the world for centuries, not only for cosmetic purposes, but also as health promoters. Currently, its popularity has been increasing for several reasons, such as the current ecological awareness and the growing distrust of synthetic substances. Aromatherapy consists of the use of these oils for therapeutic purposes, namely in maintaining well-being, and has been gaining prominence in recent years. OEs can be administered by inhalation, orally and topically, and after their absorption, they are released into the bloodstream and can act on the limbic system. They are products extracted from different plant families, such as Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae and Asteraceae, and through several extraction methods that can be grouped into conventional ones (such as hydrodistillation and steam distillation) and innovative (such as microwave assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction). The chemical composition of OEs varies between plant species and depends on several external factors, namely the good practices of extracting the oil itself and its correct conservation. Some of the major components belong to the class of terpenes, such as linalool and geraniol, of oxides, such as 1.8 - cineole, and phenols, such as carvacrol, eugenol and thymol. The components present in OEs have biological activity, which can have immense potential nowadays. It is known that these oils can have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, anti-cancer, among others. For example, the essential oil of Citrus limonum (lemon) has limonene as its major constituent, which gives it antibacterial and antiviral properties. This biological activity makes them potential candidates in several areas, namely food preservation, pest control, anxiety control, cosmetics, among others. These oils have been the target of several studies that validate them as safe and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional methods.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2020, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Óleos essenciais Actividade biológica Potencialidades Aromaterapia Aplicações Mestrado integrado - 2020