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Efeito do ângulo de incidência na medida da irradiância solar
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Resumo(s)
A resposta angular dos sensores de radiação solar introduz incerteza na medida da irradiação solar. Esta incerteza é relevante para, por exemplo, estimativas do potencial fotovoltaico de um determinado projeto ou região. A incerteza associada ao efeito do ângulo de incidência depende do sensor utilizado mas também da latitude do local; em latitudes mais elevadas a ocorrência de ângulos de incidência em superfícies horizontais elevados é mais frequente do que em latitudes inferiores. Por outro lado, o clima também pode influenciar a incerteza na medida da radiação solar pois em condições de céu nublado, caracterizado por maior fração de radiação difusa, a incerteza na medida é menos sensível à resposta angular do sensor. O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar o impacto da latitude e do clima na incerteza na medida da irradiância solar associada ao ângulo de incidência. Para o efeito, foi desenvolvido um modelo que tem em consideração uma atmosfera limpa, onde se estimou a distribuição geográfica da incerteza associada ao ângulo de incidência em função da latitude e climas locais. O mesmo foi validado com uma avaliação experimental verificada na medida da irradiância solar global horizontal em Lisboa, no Campus Solar da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa. Os resultados mostram que, para a resposta angular de um piranómetro típico, a incerteza na medida anual da irradiação solar associada ao ângulo de incidência é de 1,3%, maior para latitudes maiores e locais com céu limpo frequentes. Para o caso de estudo de Lisboa, os resultados mostram que o erro associado ao ângulo de incidência é 0,93% validando o modelo desenvolvido. Podemos ainda concluir que o impacto da resposta angular dos sensores de radiação solar é relevante na estimativa para o potencial solar de um determinado lugar, o que recomenda a medida de radiação solar no plano inclinado, em que os módulos vão ser colocados.
The angular response of the solar radiation sensors leads to uncertainty on the measurement of solar irradiation. This uncertainty is relevant to, for example, the estimation of the photovoltaic potential of a particular project or region. The uncertainty associated to the effect of the incidence angle depends on the sensor used but also on the latitude of the location; at higher latitudes the incidence angle on horizontal surfaces is larger than those for lower latitudes. On the other hand, the climate can also influence the uncertainty on the measurement of solar radiation; for a cloudy sky, characterized by a significant fraction of diffuse radiation, the uncertainty is less sensitive to the angular response of the sensor. The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the impact of the latitude and the climate on the uncertainty on the measurement of the solar irradiation associated with the incidence angle. A model to assess the geographical distribution of the uncertainty associated to the incidence angle in correlation with the latitude and local climate was developed. The same model was validated with an experimental evaluation, which itself was verified by the effect of incidence angle in global horizontal solar irradiance measured in Lisbon, more specifically in the Solar Campus of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. The results show that, for the angular response of a typical pyranometer, the uncertainty on the annual solar irradiation associated with the angle incidence is 1.3% higher for areas at higher latitudes and with frequently clear sky. For the study case of Lisbon, the results show that the error associated to the incidence angle is 0.93%, validating the developed model. In conclusion, the impact of the angle response of the solar radiation sensors is relevant to estimate the solar potential of a project or location, which recommends the measurement of solar radiation on the inclined plane, on which the modules will be placed.
The angular response of the solar radiation sensors leads to uncertainty on the measurement of solar irradiation. This uncertainty is relevant to, for example, the estimation of the photovoltaic potential of a particular project or region. The uncertainty associated to the effect of the incidence angle depends on the sensor used but also on the latitude of the location; at higher latitudes the incidence angle on horizontal surfaces is larger than those for lower latitudes. On the other hand, the climate can also influence the uncertainty on the measurement of solar radiation; for a cloudy sky, characterized by a significant fraction of diffuse radiation, the uncertainty is less sensitive to the angular response of the sensor. The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the impact of the latitude and the climate on the uncertainty on the measurement of the solar irradiation associated with the incidence angle. A model to assess the geographical distribution of the uncertainty associated to the incidence angle in correlation with the latitude and local climate was developed. The same model was validated with an experimental evaluation, which itself was verified by the effect of incidence angle in global horizontal solar irradiance measured in Lisbon, more specifically in the Solar Campus of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. The results show that, for the angular response of a typical pyranometer, the uncertainty on the annual solar irradiation associated with the angle incidence is 1.3% higher for areas at higher latitudes and with frequently clear sky. For the study case of Lisbon, the results show that the error associated to the incidence angle is 0.93%, validating the developed model. In conclusion, the impact of the angle response of the solar radiation sensors is relevant to estimate the solar potential of a project or location, which recommends the measurement of solar radiation on the inclined plane, on which the modules will be placed.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado integrado, Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2020
Palavras-chave
ângulo de incidência resposta angular irradiância solar energia solar fotovoltaica Campus Solar Teses de mestrado - 2020