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Teoria geral da elegibilidade e da inelegibilidade no Brasil
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A dissertação aborda a teoria da elegibilidade no Brasil, que consiste no direito de ser votado e faz parte do conjunto dos direitos políticos, ostentando a natureza de direito fundamental na ordem jurídica constitucional. Serão objeto de análise as principais características da elegibilidade, os seus elementos constitutivos e, em destaque, os fatores de impedimento a seu exercício, notadamente as causas de inelegibilidade. O trabalho reafirma, em essência, os fundamentos centrais da teoria clássica da elegibilidade, predominante na doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras, mediante o enfrentamento de teorias contrapostas e com a apresentação de críticas e novas ideias para compreensão e aperfeiçoamento dos institutos jurídicos relacionados à elegibilidade. Inicialmente, serão estudados os direitos políticos em geral, no contexto da democracia e da soberania popular, e explicitadas as hipóteses constitucionais e legais de perda e suspensão desses direitos. Depois, serão tratados os contornos dogmáticos que definem a elegibilidade e a inelegibilidade, estabelecendo as diferenças conceituais e normativas entre as condições de elegibilidade, as causas de inelegibilidade e os encargos formais exigidos para se obter o registro de candidato, bem assim apontando cada um dos requisitos positivos da elegibilidade. Em acréscimo, serão enfrentados temas polêmicos sobre a inelegibilidade, como a natureza sancionatória ou não de suas espécies legais, a possibilidade de sua aplicação a fatos pretéritos e a eventual colidência do marco inicial para sua incidência com relação ao princípio constitucional da presunção de inocência. Também serão apreciados outros óbices ao exercício da elegibilidade, que são as penalidades de cassação ou cancelamento do registro de candidatura, diploma ou mandato pela prática de atos ilícitos na campanha eleitoral e a sanção de inabilitação para o exercício de função pública, justificando a autonomia dessas cominações perante a inelegibilidade. Ao final, serão discutidos os parâmetros para aferição pela Justiça Eleitoral, no processo de registro de candidatura, do descumprimento das condições de elegibilidade e da incidência de causas de inelegibilidade.
This dissertation addresses the theory of eligibility in Brazil, consisting of the right to be voted for and which is part of the collection of political rights, having the nature of a fundamental right in the constitutional system. It will be analyzed its main attributes, constituent elements and, in particular, the factors which hinder its exercise, especially the ineligibility causes. The study reaffirms, essentially, the main pillars of the classical eligibility theory, prevailing in Brazilian literature and jurisprudence, through duly counter-arguing opposed theories and presenting critiques and new ideas for the comprehension and improvement of institutes relating to eligibility. Initially, political rights in general will be analyzed, in the context of democracy and popular sovereignty, and the constitutional and legal hypotheses of loss and suspension of these rights will be indicated. Further, it will be presented the dogmatic framing which defines eligibility and ineligibility, through establishing the conceptual and normative differences between the conditions for eligibility, the causes of ineligibility and the formal requirements for obtaining a candidate registration, as well as informing each one of the eligibility positive requirements. Additionally, other controversial matters will be discussed, such as whether ineligibility has the nature of sanction, the possibility of its application towards past facts and the eventual collision of the initial timeframe for its incidence in relation to the constitutional principle of the presumption of innocence. Other obstacles towards eligibility will be discussed, which are the penalties of cassation or cancelling of registration, diploma or mandate due to the practice of illicit acts during political campaigns and the sanction of disqualification to hold public offices, while justifying the autonomy of these punishments before ineligibility. In the end, it will be brought forward a discussion regarding the parameters for assessment by the that Electoral Justice, in the process of candidacy registration, of the unfulfillment of the conditions for eligibility and the imposition of causes of ineligibility.
This dissertation addresses the theory of eligibility in Brazil, consisting of the right to be voted for and which is part of the collection of political rights, having the nature of a fundamental right in the constitutional system. It will be analyzed its main attributes, constituent elements and, in particular, the factors which hinder its exercise, especially the ineligibility causes. The study reaffirms, essentially, the main pillars of the classical eligibility theory, prevailing in Brazilian literature and jurisprudence, through duly counter-arguing opposed theories and presenting critiques and new ideas for the comprehension and improvement of institutes relating to eligibility. Initially, political rights in general will be analyzed, in the context of democracy and popular sovereignty, and the constitutional and legal hypotheses of loss and suspension of these rights will be indicated. Further, it will be presented the dogmatic framing which defines eligibility and ineligibility, through establishing the conceptual and normative differences between the conditions for eligibility, the causes of ineligibility and the formal requirements for obtaining a candidate registration, as well as informing each one of the eligibility positive requirements. Additionally, other controversial matters will be discussed, such as whether ineligibility has the nature of sanction, the possibility of its application towards past facts and the eventual collision of the initial timeframe for its incidence in relation to the constitutional principle of the presumption of innocence. Other obstacles towards eligibility will be discussed, which are the penalties of cassation or cancelling of registration, diploma or mandate due to the practice of illicit acts during political campaigns and the sanction of disqualification to hold public offices, while justifying the autonomy of these punishments before ineligibility. In the end, it will be brought forward a discussion regarding the parameters for assessment by the that Electoral Justice, in the process of candidacy registration, of the unfulfillment of the conditions for eligibility and the imposition of causes of ineligibility.
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Direitos políticos Candidaturas Eleições Justiça eleitoral Elegibilidade Brasil Teses de mestrado - 2021