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Determinantes da longevidade : ambientais modificáveis e epigenética : uma revisão de escopo
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Resumo(s)
Introdução: A esperança média de vida global à nascença tem aumentado consideravelmente, passando de 32 para 71 anos entre 1900 e 2021. Além disso, existem indivíduos que alcançam idades bastante superiores ao esperado, como é o caso dos habitantes das “Zonas Azuis”. A identificação de fatores ambientais modificáveis correlacionados com este fenómeno e abordagem na prática clínica dará acesso a recursos e informação que beneficiarão os doentes ao promover a sua longevidade.
Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão de escopo para identificar determinantes ambientais modificáveis da longevidade e possíveis mecanismos epigenéticos associados.
Métodos: Efetuou-se a pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed e Scopus e incluíram-se artigos sobre fatores modificáveis da longevidade em indivíduos com 85 anos ou mais, nas línguas portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola. Na Scopus, foram incluídos artigos publicados entre 1 de janeiro de 2013 e 5 de fevereiro de 2024. O processo de seleção, executado por dois revisores de forma independente na plataforma Rayyan, envolveu a análise dos títulos, resumos e/ou leitura integral dos artigos.
Resultados: Incluíram-se sete estudos, que demonstraram uma associação dos seguintes fatores modificáveis com a longevidade: cessação tabágica, índice de massa corporal normal, pressão arterial controlada, ausência de diabetes, prática regular de exercício físico, relações sociais robustas, níveis lipídicos normais, tamanho corporal normal aos 10 anos e a qualidade da água. Não se observou associação entre um padrão alimentar específico e a longevidade, assim como entre os níveis séricos de vitaminas A e E que foram controversos entre diferentes populações.
Conclusão: A prática regular de exercício físico, a cessação tabágica, um índice de massa corporal normal, a pressão arterial controlada, relações sociais ricas e a ingestão de água alcalina são exemplos de fatores associados ao aumento da longevidade. No entanto, são necessários mais estudos neste âmbito.
Introduction: The global average life expectancy at birth has increased significantly, rising from 32 to 71 years between 1900 and 2021. Furthermore, there are individuals who reach ages much higher than expected, as is the case with the inhabitants of the "Blue Zones". Identifying modifiable environmental factors correlated with this phenomenon and addressing them in clinical practice will provide access to resources and information that will benefit patients by promoting their longevity. Objective: Conducting a scoping review to identify modifiable environmental determinants of longevity and potential associated epigenetic mechanisms. Methods: The research was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases, including articles related to modifiable factors of longevity in individuals aged 85 years or older, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish languages. In Scopus, articles published between January 1, 2013, and February 5, 2024, were included. The selection process, carried out by two reviewers independently on the Rayyan platform, involved the analysis of titles, abstracts, and/or full-text reading of the articles. Results: Seven studies were included, which demonstrated an association of the following modifiable factors with longevity: smoking cessation, normal body mass index, controlled blood pressure, absence of diabetes, regular physical exercise, robust social relationships, normal lipid levels, normal body size at age 10, and water quality. There was no observed association between a specific dietary pattern and longevity, as well as between serum levels of vitamins A and E, which were controversial among different populations. Conclusion: Regular physical exercise, smoking cessation, a normal body mass index, controlled blood pressure, rich social relationships, and alkaline water intake are examples of factors associated with increased longevity. However, further studies in this area are needed.
Introduction: The global average life expectancy at birth has increased significantly, rising from 32 to 71 years between 1900 and 2021. Furthermore, there are individuals who reach ages much higher than expected, as is the case with the inhabitants of the "Blue Zones". Identifying modifiable environmental factors correlated with this phenomenon and addressing them in clinical practice will provide access to resources and information that will benefit patients by promoting their longevity. Objective: Conducting a scoping review to identify modifiable environmental determinants of longevity and potential associated epigenetic mechanisms. Methods: The research was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases, including articles related to modifiable factors of longevity in individuals aged 85 years or older, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish languages. In Scopus, articles published between January 1, 2013, and February 5, 2024, were included. The selection process, carried out by two reviewers independently on the Rayyan platform, involved the analysis of titles, abstracts, and/or full-text reading of the articles. Results: Seven studies were included, which demonstrated an association of the following modifiable factors with longevity: smoking cessation, normal body mass index, controlled blood pressure, absence of diabetes, regular physical exercise, robust social relationships, normal lipid levels, normal body size at age 10, and water quality. There was no observed association between a specific dietary pattern and longevity, as well as between serum levels of vitamins A and E, which were controversial among different populations. Conclusion: Regular physical exercise, smoking cessation, a normal body mass index, controlled blood pressure, rich social relationships, and alkaline water intake are examples of factors associated with increased longevity. However, further studies in this area are needed.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2024
Palavras-chave
Longevidade Determinantes de saúde Estilo de vida Epigenética